Antarctic Video's Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth

Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole” According most flat earthers, there’s no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. In their imagination, Antarctica is not a continent, but a long ice wall enclosing the Earth. Without having anything to prove that assumption, they look anywhere for any quote they can mine and stumbled into this quote by Admiral Byrd “Strangely enough, there is left in the world today, an area as big as the United States, that’s never been seen by a human being. And that’s beyond the pole, on the other side of the south pole from Little America.” Flat earthers love to overimagine things and because of their lack of knowledge, Byrd’s statement is interpreted that there are lands beyond this ice wall and ‘the powers’ are hiding these lands from us. ‘The powers’ are secretly exploiting these lands for their own purpose and are guarding every inch of them. That’s a nice story and an uncritical person might even see it as reality. But if we take a good look at a map of Antarctica, and mark the location of Little America and the South Pole, it is not hard to see what Admiral Byrd had in mind. At Byrd’s time, the other side of Antarctica was unexplored. Everyone who set his feet on Antarctica began their journey from practically the same side of Antarctica as Byrd did: the Ross Ice Shelf. No one had done it from the other side. The other side of Antarctica was unexplored at that time. This is what Byrd was refering to. And taking ice shelves into account, the area of it is practically the same as the continental United States. 81 Government & Affiliate Documents that admit Flat Earth It's A PDF Download. https://www.terre-plate.org/library/CIA%20NASA%20Documents/81%20Government%20_%20Affiliate%20Documents%20that%20admit%20Flat%20Earth-converted.pdf If a scientific conspiracy theory is funny, that doesn’t mean it’s a joke. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base) Debunking the Flat Earth Ice Wall. Part 1 of 4 of the The Flat Earth Antarctica Conspiracy. This is the first of a 4 part series on the belief of flat earthers that Antarctica is a conspiracy in a variety of ways. We cover each point separately since this topic is so extensive because they've built up so many layers of conspiracy around this continent. This article will be debunking the ice wall flat earthers claim exist, and the other articles will be as follows: As we point out in our article, The Flat Earth Resurgence , there has been a huge rise in people who have actually rejected the sphere earth model completely and seem to truly believe the earth is flat! We point out that in order to be able to explain proven phenomenon we see every day in real life, flat earthers have to build more and more unproven and crazy theories on top of crazy theories until their idea looks more like a Rube Goldberg machine than a model of reality. What Flat Earthers Believe About Antarctica In my opinion, the most bizarre of their conspiracies is the one about Antarctica. They have built so many ideas on top of ideas that their beliefs about Antarctica have become so incredibly ludicrous, you couldn't make up the things they will tell you about this frozen continent. First of all, they do not believe Antarctica is a continent, per se, but a frozen 'ice rim' the circumference of the entire planet planet. Secondly, they believe there is no 24 hour sun on Antarctica during their summer months, and they believe no one can go to Antarctica, because if it were allowed, someone might find the ice wall and prove to the world the earth is flat (really!)! To keep the Rube Goldberg theme going, in order to prevent people from going and exploring for this ice rim, they believe the UN has a fleet of ships patrolling the entire circumference of the earth, preventing any ships from going there to find the ice wall. They also believe the Antarctic Treaty is proof of this, and there is a multinational agreement to keep anyone from going to Antarctica and finding the truth! Conveniently, this Treaty designed to hide a flat earth is published right on the internet for all to see and read. They believe this is all a conspiracy by the leaders of dozens of nations, the UN, shipping companies, airlines, private companies who deal with the government, and even satellite cable companies, to hide the real truth from you. They will even bring Admiral Byrd and Wikileaks into the mess to 'prove' their conspiracy! All of which we will show is utter nonsense later in the series. When asked the reason for the biggest conspiracy on the planet it usually illicits nonsensical answers such as "Well, they are hiding land from us!" or "There is nothing that would quench the exploratory spirit of the most curious creature on the planet by telling him the earth is a sphere!" or the religious reason of "They are hiding God from us", as if an omnipotent being would be able to accomplish anything and everything except making spheres, or somehow a flat plane with an impenetrable dome would naturally harbor more land or incite more of an exploratory spirit than the ability to go into the infinity of space would! Seriously, I could not even make this stuff up if I were to try. These are actual beliefs of the vast majority of flat earthers, and why I chose to make this series to debunk this nonsense and provide some sanity to this Antarctica conspiracy theory. The Ice Wall Debunked The entire start of this conspiracy is their belief in an ice wall. This belief is mainly because, as we point out in our article The Flat Earth Map is Actually a Projection Map of a Globe, despite having every GPS coordinate on nearly every point on the earth, satellite images of the entire earth, and having nearly every distance accurately mapped between every point on earth, flat earthers have not been able to use crowdsourcing of their tens of thousands of members, blockchain, the internet, and supercomputers to create an accurate map with even correct distances between points. It should be amazingly easy to map a planar earth to a planar surface, but so far, this feat has eluded them. So, instead of using modern technology to survey their fantasy world and create an accurate 'flat earth map' they have arbitrarily chosen to use a globe projection map with Antarctica depicted as an ice rim around the world, as shown in the image below. Somehow, inexplicably, flat earthers decided this depiction of Antarctica as an ice rim is reality. However, there is zero evidence of this ice wall, and plenty of evidence it is merely a continent present at the southern pole of the earth, including the fact that it has been circumnavigated multiple times, including This Successful Solo Navigation by Lisa Blair in 2017 and there is even an Annual Antarctic Cup Race complete with a 'racetrack' of electronic gates and lanes. Not to mention the fact it's been surveyed in many different ways. All of the circumnavigations and surveys, that have led to the depictions of Antarctica on a globe, point to the continent having a circumference of less than 15,000 miles, both as shown on the sailors' GPS devices, the length of time it took the circumnavigations to occur, and results of surveys. However, on the globe projection map that flat earthers use, the circumference of Antarctica must be somewhere between 60,000- 78,000 miles. Here's the math that you can do yourself to show this. I put in the coordinates for the very tip of Antarctica in South America to the topmost portion of land at the top of North America, to make as straight a line as possible on Google maps (Note that when you do this on Google maps, the line will be slightly curved. I wonder why) and got the coordinates of and for a total distance of just at 10,000 miles (10,000.23 mi to be exact). This is actually somewhat too short of a distance, since the center of the Arctic Circle would be higher than my coordinates, and the center of the Antarctic Circle would also be lower. But we'll give flat earthers this 'conservative' estimate to show the approximate circumference of the interior of the ice wall. So, we put in the formula of: C=2πr to get the total circumference of: 62831.85 miles. But we can add on even more distance using the distance between the actual coordinates. Google maps will not allow these coordinates to be put in to get directions, so I used TimeandDate.com which gives us the distance of 12,427 miles from North Pole to South Pole, which would give us the staggering number of 78083.81 miles of the earth's circumference. This would represent the exterior of the ice wall. I could do the calculations on Google maps to be more accurate, but you get the idea of the giant distances involved here, in determining the size of the ice rim. The distance is between 60,000 to 78,000 miles. This is a 4 -5 times larger than the 14,000-15,000 mile distance aerial surveys, satellite imagery, and circumnavigation have revealed. An error of 400-500%, or of approximately 45,000 miles! The Science Sphere Earthers Have Done on Antarctica While flat earthers are making memes and inventing conspiracies, sphere earthers are doing aerial and satellite surveys of Antarctica to create accurate maps for navigation and further exploration. Some surveys that have been done are: THE FALKLAND ISLANDS AND DEPENDENCIES AERIAL SURVEY EXPEDITION: carried out in 1956-1957. You can see many of the studies done from this expedition at the Cambridge University Website for the Scott Polar Research Institute The British Antarctic Survey: Where you can take your pick of one of the many types of maps they have created, such as topographic maps, geologic maps, digital maps for use in GPS devices and for pilots, and magnetic anomaly maps compiled from satellite and ground data by 22 different scientific organizations since 1957 The Soviets have done at least 35 Antarctic expeditions. You can see the abstract of research on this study entitled Soviet geological maps of the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctic Shield Antarctica Gamburtsev Project: Surveyed and discovered entire mountain ranges underneath the ice. This is the 1970-1971 Typewritten Report from the Antarctic Research Division of the Australian Government The Australian Government has an entire Website discussing their activities in Antarctica, including the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition There was a Prince Charles Mountains Expedition of Germany and Australia where they did extensive geodetic surveying and ice radar surveying There's even a McMurdo-Antarctica Lidar Project attempting to map the continent with lidar. You can even search the Australian Antarctic Data Center and the Cambridge Scott Polar Research Institute Database for specific information about the thousands of expeditions, surveys, and even get the satellite imagery that has been done on Antarctica. There is a mountain of information and evidence that flat earthers must completely ignore in order to maintain their ridiculous illusion And the Evidence from the Flat Earthers? No flat earther has done any aerial surveying or taken satellite imagery of this ice wall even though they believe their impenetrable dome is at least 200 miles in height and so could easily get a satellite or plane over it to get images, surveys, or lidar. None have Circumnavigated Antarctica Like Lisa Blair, attempted a Solo Crossing Like Henry Worsely tried to do, and it seems as though none have even bothered to 'survey' it in the comfort of an airliner by taking this Quantus Antarctic Tourist Flight to see for themselves that it is a continent and not an ice rim. It seems that none have figured out ANY way to get the slightest bit of evidence of this 'ice rim' or the edge of the world they claim is there. In fact, this promotional video for the Quantus flight Yes, the one entitled Flat Earth Hoax below) explains that they have NINETEEN different flight paths over the continent, and that they have many repeat customers for this tourist flight that flies over Antarctica for 4 to 5 HOURS. There is a huge amount of footage of Antarctica in this video, and certainly there are thousands of tourists with hours of video from this flight. At an average airspeed of 550 miles per hour, the flight would cover over 1000 miles in two hours of flying with over 100 miles of view in each direction. If you look at the flat earth map, at no point could that ice wall possibly be 1000 miles wide. If there were an ice rim around the earth, someone on that flight would have noticed. In fact, that flight would simply not be allowed if there were a massive worldwide cover up to hide a flat earth from us. I suspect some flat earther might argue that they are flying over the North Pole. However, the flight leaves from Australia and takes 12 hours out and back. There is no possibility such a great distance could be covered in 12 hours, let alone have 4 hours of flight time over the ice in the North Pole. A while back, there was a GoFundMe Campaign to get flat earthers to Antarctica to prove the flat earth, but It Was Canceled After a Negative Article About Flat Earth . Cancelled after a negative article? What? Sounds like true science believers who are dedicated to the truth, right? Every once in a while, they may put up a picture of an iceberg or ice floe and claim it's THE ice rim, but these images of a small chunk of ice could be taken anywhere in the world and are certainly not evidence of a continuous wall of ice 60,000 miles in circumference. In other words, they have zero evidence of this ice wall. The only thing they have are wild, speculative claims with no evidence to back them up. Here's one of the images they use to prove the existence of a 60,000 mile ice wall being guarded by a fleet of what would need to be 10's of thousands of armed ships. Interestingly enough, the actual image in the meme disproves their belief system! Too bad they did not bother to find the source of this image, and just liked the way it looked. It is an image from a blog called Our World Heritage. The ship in the meme above is the FS Polarstern, a private ship and not an armed UN gunship, contracted on the author's trip to Antarctica to take supplies to people at the Neumayer Station, a permanent research outpost on the ice shelf. I soundly Debunk Ice Wall Memes and provide more details of this image and the story behind it on that page. This image is simply a dishonest way to get gullible people to believe in the flat earth cult. Can they get any more ridiculous? Well, keep reading to Part 2: Debunking the Flat Earth Antarctic Treaty Conspiracy to find out how flat earthers have concocted an insane story about a fleet of armed UN ships preventing anyone from finding the ice wall! Debunking The Antarctic Treaty Conspiracy. Part 2 of 4: The Flat Earth Antarctica Conspiracy. Welcome to Part 2 of this 4 part series on Debunking the Flat Earth Antarctic Conspiracy. Since flat earthers have turned this topic into a massive Rube Goldberg machine of conspiracy on top of conspiracy, the necessity for a four part series became evident, in order to debunk each separate part of this whacky conspiracy. So, here are the sections: As you read in Debunking the Ice Wall , flat earthers believe the Antarctica is part of a huge, worldwide conspiracy theory to hide the existence of a flat earth. They believe that Anarctica is not a continent, per se, but a 60,000-78,000 mile in circumference ice wall that borders the entire planet and acting as a container for the earth’s waters, thereby holding them in and keeping ships from falling off the edge of the earth. We debunked the idea that there is an ice wall, providing tens of thousands of pieces of evidence from multiple countries of hundreds of expeditions that have provided us with the shape of the continent as seen on multiple maps. The data contributing to this have included, but are not limited to: Satellite observations Aerial surveys Lidar Ground level surveys Circumnavigation Against all reason, flat earthers reject this evidence, demanding that every scientific study, every satellite image, every account of scientists, and even the accounts of pilots and those on flights going from Sydney to Johannesburg visualizing Antarctica while doing so are simply lying and are part of a worldwide conspiracy involving millions of people who have all remained silent for almost 70 years now. The Antarctic Treaty is a Nefarious Conspiracy! Proof of this conspiracy, according to flat earthers, is the Antarctic Treaty. There really is one, and you can Read The Antarctic Treaty Here along with the Protocol for Environmental Protection portion and determine for yourself what it says. Flat earthers, however, who have obviously not read it, claim that it a multinational treaty preventing anyone from stepping foot on Antarctica, so that no one will find the ice wall! They believe it’s the only “closed continent”, and heavily guarded against any humans not in on the conspiracy! What it ACTUALLY does is to prevent anyone, including any governments, from, for instance: Declaring any of the land private property Doing mining operations Removing or damaging sensitive flora and fauna Building a housing tract or a business Setting up a nuclear missile site Using it as a waste dump or any number of things that would permanently harm the land or prevent it from being used freely by others for enjoyment In essence, it recognizes that Antarctica is a special place, worthy of conservation and protection, and that it should be preserved for its majestic natural properties rather than being exploited for its natural resources or turned into a nuclear waste dumping ground, for instance. Flat earthers, however, actually believe that no one can even GO there or even fly OVER it, despite the fact that: There is a Facebook group with thousands of members entitled "I've Been to Antarctica" Dozens of travel blogs report their experiences in Antarctica Close to 5 major cruise ship companies go there Many companies do private tours Thousands of scientific and private expeditions have gone there People have done solo expeditions Tourist flights land there, and the profile picture for this article has an image of a plane landing on Blue Ice Runway in Antarctica There is even a Quantas 'tourist flight' that spends about 5 hours flying over the continent simply for the sake of tourists being able to view it from the air In fact, this scientific study even states, "However, rapidly growing human activity is accelerating threats to biodiversity. " Another states, "With rapidly increasing human activity in Antarctica, terrestrial plant communities are at risk of damage or destruction." Rapidly increasing human activity? In a place no one is allowed to go or they will be stopped, or even killed? According to flat earthers, none of these reports of 'human activity' on Antarctica are real, but are just part of the giant ruse necessary to keep us brainwashed that Antarctica is really a continent! The flights don't exist, the cruises don't exist, none of the expeditions exist. They are all fake and engineered at high cost to keep us brainwashed and believing the earth is round when it's really flat! They will actually argue that images, like this one below of a boat of tourists in Antarctica, are just staged, are really done in the Arctic, and the participants are part of a CIA psy-op and worldwide conspiracy. And the Antarctic Treaty is proof of this conspiracy! Antarctic Treaty Protected Areas The Antarctic Treaty DOES, however, outline some special areas called Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions (ACBRs) that are off-limits to anyone without a permit, and permits have requirements such as being limited to people with certain qualifications doing scientific studies. Many parts of the world have special areas like this for various reasons, such as safety or protecting wildlife. Here's the map of the ACBR's. Even Yellowstone National Park has several of these areas in order to, for instance, prevent people from doing things like boiling themselves alive in hot springs, like a man did this year. Mexico has beaches that are completely off-limits to humans when tortoises are nesting, and Belize has caves that are off-limits in order to protect the precious archeological treasures inside in-situ. Anyone who has traveled can likely point to different areas of the world that do similar things for various different reasons. Special protected areas are not new, not limited to Antarctica, and are should not even incite the slightest bit of thoughts about conspiracy, especially since, as you can see on the map above, these areas comprise a less than 2% non-contiguous area of Antarctica. One would be hard pressed to argue (although they still will) that barring the world from less than a non-contiguous 2% of the continent would prevent anyone from finding their mythological ice wall, were they so inclined to find it. There other argument is that there are military bases there not, of course, for strategic purposes, but for the sole purpose of preventing anyone suspecting we live on a flat earth from finding the ice wall. Well, there are military bases in most of the geographically strategic places in the world as well. This hardly comprises evidence of a conspiracy any more than the US military having a base on Midway should cause someone to suspect they are hiding a magic portal to another realm there. Did Wikileaks Prove the Conspiracy? Flat earthers like to point to a Wikileaks mention of Antarctica to PROVE their conspiracy that you are not allowed to go there. In fact, they put a DATE on it when you'll again be able to explore Antarctica. It's in 2046! Well, they get it wrong again due to their lack of even 2 minutes of fact checking mixed with their propensity to repeat the claims of anything that supports their bias. Ironically, note the Wikileaks image of a dripping globe below. I would think that the dripping globe would hardly make flat earth proponents latch onto WikiLeaks for support of their conspiracy, but flat earthers aren't likely to see the irony. You Can Read the Wikileaks Document Here Yourself, and see that when they say there is no EXPLORATION until 2046, they are referring to RESOURCE exploration, such as mining. They are not referring to an inability to go there and look for the elusive ice rim, they are referring to your inability to claim the land as your own, bring heavy machinery in, and do some strip mining! Sounds like a nefarious plot, doesn’t it? What Wikileaks was 'leaking' is that there appears to be an effort by certain countries to change the Treaty, or violate it so that they can exploit Antarctica for its natural resources. Here is the exact quote from the WikiLeaks document above. Here is the Wikileaks quote that has been taken entirely out of context. "There's believed to be a great deal of resources in the area and exploration is banned until at least 2046, I believe, unless another provision is added to the treaty." Note how it says, "... exploration is banned", but has the qualifier of 'resources' in the same sentence. So, flat earthers are not even bothering to read the entire SENTENCE from Wikileaks before passing it around as evidence of a conspiracy to keep people from finding the ice wall. This is the level flat earthers fall to in their dishonesty, gullibility, and cognitive dissonance. A Fleet of Armed United Nations Ships Prevent Anyone From Going to Antarctica! Yes, flat earthers REALLY do believe that there is an entire fleet of UN warships that are in place to forcibly stop anyone from exploring Antarctica and finding the ice wall. Many flat earth threads will refer to Antarctica as the most heavily guarded place on the planet. Where they get this ridiculous idea is beyond me. The UN would literally have to have tens of thousands of boats to patrol the 60,000-78,000 miles of coastline just to prevent the odd person from exploring land that anyone can book a tour to, like the many people who have taken the Loftleidir Icelandic Boeing 757 to go see the last great wilderness of earth for themselves. Heck, you can experience Antarctica from the safety of a hot tub while sipping Champagne with your grandmother, if you wish. There is just literally no evidence at all of this fleet of tens of thousands of gunboats that would require something close to a hundred thousand sailors, maintenance yards all over the world, refueling stations, food suppliers, etc. If there is any evidence of this fleet or people with video of UN gunboats threatening them, well, no flat earther has ever shown it to anyone. Maybe they are just keeping this damning evidence that supports a massive conspiracy to themselves for the time being. But until then, we have to declare the dearth of evidence on this subject in the realm of a ridiculous wild claim on the part of flat earthers. Nothing in Wikileaks or in the Antarctic Treaty itself supports a conspiracy to hide an ice wall or provides money or resources for a fleet of UN Gunboats, and certainly no one has ever filmed armed UN boats turning them away from the coastline after funding an exploratory campaign. These are just more unfounded ridiculous claims made up simply to answer questions about why flat earthers don’t just go to Antarctica, find the ice wall, and prove to the world the earth is flat once and for all. Since they are incapable or unwilling to do any such thing, they invented a complex myth to keep them theorizing from their basements instead of doing on-site scientific research to prove or disprove their claims as actual scientists would be doing. Debunking the Flat Earth Admiral Byrd Conspiracy. Part 3 of 4: The Flat Earth Antarctica Conspiracy. Welcome to part 3 of this 4 part series on the Flat Earth Antarctica Conspiracy Theory. Here are the other parts in this 4 part series. And we'll have one article that is a compilation article if you prefer to read or link to all 4 parts at once: Flat earthers are so desperate to find evidence of this ice wall they have somehow latched onto Admiral Byrd as providing not only evidence of an ice wall and flat earth, but evidence there are lands BEYOND this ice wall the Antarctic Treaty is designed to hide! They claim part of the massive conspiracy to hide flat earth from us is because there is much more land to be explored, and that governments are secretly exploiting these lands and using the resources to make themselves rich! And Admiral Byrd is proof of this. But Admiral Byrd neither said nor implied any such thing. Flat earthers simply make ridiculous claims that are merely passed on and repeated like a game of telephone by people who are unable or unwilling to do their own research, or who take things out of context to either confirm their own bias or be dishonest. You can watch An Interview with Admiral Byrd here, and what he actually said, at 1:41 is, "Strangely enough, there is left in the world today, an area as big as the United States, that's never been seen by a human being. And that's beyond the pole, on the other side of the south pole from Little America [his base on Antarctica]". Flat earthers take this to mean that there is land BEYOND Antarctica, and modern day Americans who don't understand the context of the time might be excused from misunderstanding or being confused about that statement, however just a bit of fact checking would clarify what he meant. Byrd was referring TO Antarctica, as the vast majority had not been explored yet. At the time, Admiral Byrd was hugely popular, and people had followed his exploits in Antarctic and certainly knew that Little America was his base, which is why neither he nor the interviewers felt the need to explain what Little America was. But to many, it sounds like he said, "Middle America", and it makes it a bit confusing. However, what he meant by "The other side of the pole from Little America" is easily discerned when looking at this map of Antarctica with his Little America base on it. He was simply being specific as to the unexplored region of Antarctica that was on the opposite side of the South Pole from his base. No conspiracy, just specificity. Hilariously for flat earthers, who obviously have not watched the video themselves, later in the interview, Byrd uses the phrase, "The bottom of the world" many times. The time stamps are at approximately: The 'bottom of the world? How could a flat earther latch onto someone who talks about 'the bottom of the world' as someone who is talking about a flat earth? Antarctica being the bottom of the world would be much more consistent with the current model of a sphere than of a flat plane where Antarctica is an ice rim. Additionally, in the first part of the interview, he refers to Antarctica as "the size of the United States". He was actually pretty close, as you can see in the image below, to the size of the continent as we know it that is approximately 14,000-15,000 miles in circumference, and not an 'ice rim' that is the circumference of the entire world. If an explorer had found an ice rim so large, it circled the earth and was at least 60,000 miles long (as we go over in Part 1: Debunking the Flat Earth Ice Wall to show how we arrived at that figure), referring to such a find as "the size of the United States" would be patently underestimating the vast unimaginable size of the area, and would just not be how one would describe an ice rim that circled the world. Even more, the interviewer asks Byrd at 2:10, "Since you've been to both extremities of earth..." and Byrd merely answers the question without correcting the interviewer. What would "both extremities of the earth" mean on a flat earth? Even later, at approximately 5:30, the interviewer asks, tongue in cheek, "I've heard it said there are 7 continents in the world and the only one that has never been seen by a woman is Antarctica. Is that really true". Byrd answers by saying, "As far as I know, that's true." Even more interestingly is that an Admiral Byrd stamp was released in 1934, very much while Admiral Byrd was still alive, and the stamp features a globe with Antarctica at the bottom of the earth, right where he suggested it would be, and right where maps show it to be today. There is nothing to suggest that Byrd would have been dismayed or amused by this stamp. It was intended as a tribute to him, and there is no reason to believe that he thought otherwise about it. If anything, these show that Byrd is a sphere earther, talking about the bottom of the world, both extremities of the earth, a globe stamp in his honor, and the seven continents that we still know today. Certainly, it does not suggest a HIDDEN continent that, of course no woman would have stepped on either. Byrd also conducted long range reconnaissance missions by plane over Antarctica, mapping over a million square miles, giving us much of the shape of the continent as we know it today. Was Admiral Byrd a Friend or Foe? To add even more color to this conspiracy, there are flat earthers in another camp, who believe that Admiral Byrd is not telling us about the lands beyond Antarctica, but that he's part of the conspiracy to hide the ice wall from us. And his expeditions FOUND the ice wall and subsequently started this whole multinational conspiracy to cover up this truth from us! Their 'proof' of this is that Admiral Byrd was a freemason! Other evidence they cite is that in later expeditions, he was financed by the US Government, and this, too, means he was lying. On the expedition financed by the government, it was concluded 6 months early, and that is proof that they found something so important, so secret that they were forced to end the expedition. The truth is not so sexy or mysterious. The expedition was plagued with mechanical issues and incredibly harsh weather. So, which is it, is he a friend of flat earthers, talking about "lands beyond" Antarctica, and telling the world the earth is flat? Or is he a nefarious freemason illuminati who is lying in order to hide flat earth? Flat earthers are divided on the topic. But something about Admiral Byrd seems to incite conspiracy theories of one sort or another. There are conspiracies about him giving testimony of having seen UFO's by the UFO conspiracy folks, and hollow earth theorists claim he did a 'secret' flight over either the north or south pole (the sources are divided on this) in 1947, where he found the opening to the center of the earth and met people who lived there. This claim has been around for so long that as far back as 1961, The New York Times put out a challenge for anyone who had evidence to bring it forth for publication; and even The Hollow Earth Insider website did a long, well-researched piece that debunks this claim, believes it was actually a lie intended to discredit hollow earthers, and, again, offered a challenge to anyone with evidence to bring it forward. But instead of this Byrd flat earth conspiracy dying due to lack of evidence, flat earthers have revitalized it, probably because they are desperate to find something, anything, to back up their wild claims. Rather than providing evidence of flat earth, this conspiracy, along with the Antarctic Treaty Conspiracy just gives more weight to the bizarre mentality and desperation of flat earthers. In order to get scientific recognition of their flat world, they could go about commissioning a satellite, plane, boat, exploration party, or some such thing that the growing group of multiple tens of thousands of flat earthers could fund with a Kickstarter campaign. Instead, they avoid getting any real evidence, like doing an expedition to Antarctica, or even just sending up a satellite, and instead revitalize long-dead conspiracy theories by taking words of a man long-since dead, take them out of context, don't research anything, make wild claims, and expect you to believe in massive conspiracy theories of which there is no evidence. Unfortunately, it seems that there are many gullible people falling for this nonsense, and their cult seems to be growing by leaps and bounds. Yes, Flat Earthers, There Really Is 24 Hour Sunlight in Antarctica. Part 4 of 4: The Flat Earth Antarctica Conspiracy. Welcome to the 4th of this 4 part series on debunking a very long and complicated conspiracy theory about Antarctica that flat earthers have concocted. In this part, we'll discuss the very real belief by flat earthers that there is no 24 hour sun in Antarctica. This article started out as a single article about debunking this conspiracy, but because there are so many convoluted aspects to this conspiracy theory, it turned into a 4 part series in order that the conspiracy be debunked thoroughly such that flat earthers could not come back and have an objection to any part of the debunk and that, by the time the series is complete, any rational person would be able to see that there absolutely is no conspiracy theory about Antarctica. Where Does this Denial of 24 Hour Sunlight in Antarctica Come From? First of all, the question is why do flat earthers believe such a thing? Well, as you'll see, a [24 HHour Sunlight Sunlight in Antarctica is Impossible is Impossible on a FlaFEarth. There is simply no flat earth model possible-series) that can account for this known and provable phenomenon. Therefore they have a great need to deny anything that will prove their belief is impossible. However, as we'll also show, denying 24 hour sun in Antarctica is actually irrelevant, and simply having days with more than 12 hours of sunlight in the southern hemisphere is impossible anyway, so their denial of 24 hour daylight in Antarctica is pointless to maintain their delusional impossible belief system. It's Simple Logic to Believe There is 24 Hour Sun in Antarctica Until I started looking into this flat earth discussion, I had no idea that anyone even questioned such a well-established fact! It seems ridiculous on it's face and, upon further investigation, I found it to actually be as ridiculous as it sounds. So, first of all, just a small investigation would allow one to accurately predict that Antarctica would have 24 hour sunlight. Even flat earthers do not dispute there is 24 hour sunlight in the Arctic in their summer and 24 hours of darkness in their winter. They also do not dispute that the equator has 12 hours of sunlight every day all year. But, as with most flat earth concepts, things start to go haywire in the southern hemisphere because the Flat Earth Map is Actually a Globe Projection Map and, as such, the southern hemisphere is incredibly distorted. Things that are possible on a sphere due to it's symmetry become impossible on a flat model that does not have such symmetry, and so they are forced to build crazy explanations around these discrepancies. And this model of a flat earth sun shows that there is no possible way for the sun to light up Antarctica 24 hours a day, so they simply MUST reject that it really happens. In fact, I had one guy argue so circularly, that he showed me how it was impossible on this flat earth model, and how that 'debunked' that it actually existed in reality! We can show, through simple logic, that Antarctica SHOULD have 24 hour sunlight on December 21st, the southern hemipshere summer solstice. Note, the latitudes and lengths of sunlight are APPROXIMATE. It is not meant to be an exact model of the exact times of daylight at the exact latitudes (flat earthers focus on minor details and will reject an image such as this because it's 'a cartoon' and it's not exact to the minute). Instead, this is intended to be an approximation. A visual of how much daylight occurs in each of these approximate areas on earth. The big picture. An overall view of how sunlight WORKS on earth in reality. The length of daylight for these areas were taken from SunCalc.net and so far as I know, flat earthers have no argument with any of these times taken from these types of websites, such as this one or DateandTime.info except in regards to Antarctica. So, what time DO they think it is in Antarctica on December 21st? Most will just simply not answer that question even though it would seem perfectly logical for Antarctica to have 24 hour days at the peak of it's summer. Flat Earthers Don't Agree On This Either As with most of their ideas, flat earthers are divided on the subject (or simply ignorant of their topic), and flat earthers will sometimes claim that a map called the Gleason map is actually a map of flat earth, despite the fact the patent itself says it's a azimuthal equidistant projection map, but that is another topic for an article I'll do in the near future. The Gleason Map actually shows 24 hour sun in Antarctica on the winter solstice through a clever calculation key. Note that the white part in the center is what would actually be DARK on earth. Unfortunately, this would require the sun to have an oblong hole through the center to accomplish this, as you can see above. Obviously, this does not comport with reality, nor do they have an explanation as to how the sun could cause such a pattern. Evidence for a 24 Hour Sun in Antarctica We first came to know Antarctica had 24 hour sun by the anecdotes of the original explorers. We discuss the Admiral Byrd Antarctica Conspiracy Theory on that page, and it's in some of the writings of his company in which the midnight sun is discussed. Bob Young did a Handwritten Narrative of his expedition with Byrd in 1933-1935 and he mentions it several times. Since then, we have possibly thousands of references to it on travel blogs, people on expeditions, people doing research, and even in documentaries such as Antarctica: A Year on the Ice. There are also some nice time lapses of the 24 Hour sun in Antarctica, such as this one done at the Scott Base: Predictably, flat earthers have done debunk videos declaring every one of them 'fake' for various reasons they can never quite explain, even though the end of video actually shows he used ANOTHER camera to take a time lapse video of his camera taking the time lapse video for verification! It's amazing the amount of hate and anger by flat earthers in the comments section, who accuse the photographer of faking the video over and over, but provide zero evidence that he did. However, This Page on Metabunk adds the video above and many other time lapse videos from 24 webcams in the Antarctic, and goes into great detail to debunk the claims that these are faked. Basically, the argument from flat earthers is that the watchers of these videos cannot be 100% sure that they are not faked, and somehow that is proof that they ARE faked! No evidence required. Their bias confirmation is such that they seem to honestly believe that the fact that these videos exist is proof they are faked! Circular logic anyone? So, since this is a discussion of science, the next question would be what evidence do we have of a 24 hour sun in Antarctica. Well, just a few minutes of research shows that hundreds of studies have been done on the effects of 24 hour sunlight and 24 hour darkness in Antarctica. Here are just a few: Plasma melatonin in the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) under continuous daylight in Antarctica- the study reads, "Although daylight is continuous during the Antarctic summer there was a marked daily cycle of light intensity" Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in clinically healthy subjects adapted to living in Antarctica- the study reads, " In addition, they were seen to show the BP and HR circadian rhythms to be perfectly synchronized to the 24-h cycle, despite the permanent solar light..." Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75°S)- and states, "At the British Antarctic Survey base of Halley, 75°S, the sun does not rise for 110d in the winter and does not set for 100d in summer." Longitudinal study on circadian rhythms of plasma hormone levels during Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Hokkaido Journal of Medical Science 61(1): 121-133- and it reads, "Monthly mean plasma aldosterone level increased markedly in July, dark winter month and also in December, the month of midnight sun in Antarctica. I could literally go on and on showing the different studies that confirm this 24 hour sunlight and darkness phenomenon in the south pole that are perfectly symmetric to the north pole. But I would bore you with the length of the list, so I'll stop at just those few studies done by different research teams, and even from different countries. According to flat earthers, these are simply all lies and made up to simply hide the flat earth from us. They will not concede that any study is correct... and quite literally reject ALL scientific studies claiming that all scientists are just in on the conspiracy and are paid to fake these studies (unless one happens to have something they latch onto as 'evidence' of a flat earth. In that case, science is good!). Really, I could not make this up. If you cited 1000 studies on any particular subject, they will simply dismiss them with a laugh, tell you that you are brainwashed, and probably post a meme such as this one with no supporting evidence of how or why the study is wrong or faked. They just make blanket statements that outright reject anything that contradicts their belief system. The Globe Model Explains this Perfectly However, the globe model explains this phenomenon perfectly. It is not for nothing that the current scientific consensus is overwhelmingly on the side of the sphere model and not the flat earth model. Here is a depiction of the Sphere Earth Explanation for 24 Polar Sunlight. Now, which of these makes more sense to you? Complete denial of a phenomenon that has been soundly proven to exist This hand drawn key on a Globe Projection Map from the 1890's that requires the sun to have an oblong-shaped hole in it that we do not see in reality and that no flat earther in the over 100 years since it was created has made an actual 3d model of in over 100 years A fully formed 3d model that has been tested and honed for hundreds of years by scientists and researchers, that is undistorted, that GPS coordinates and Google maps that tens of thousands of people use everyday is based on, and that you can test with a toy globe and a flashlight to see if the model works properly? Flat earthers COULD just go there on one of the dozens of cruises and adventure tours that go there and find out for themselves what the sun is like in Antarctica on the longest days of the year in the southern hemipshere summer. But flat earthers, despite claiming that they want 'real science' and that everything should be observed to be proven, that they do not seem actually willing to do anything that would prove their contentions incorrect. They claim to be scientists, but will only believe or take as evidence that which confirms their bias. https://steemit.com/flatearth/@kerriknox/part-1-of-4-the-flat-earth-antarctica-conspiracy-debunking-the-ice-wall https://steemit.com/flatearth/@kerriknox/debunking-the-antarctic-treaty-part-2-of-4-the-flat-earth-antarctica-conspiracy https://steemit.com/flatearth/@kerriknox/debunking-the-flat-earth-admiral-byrd-conspiracy-part-3-of-4-the-flat-earth-antarctica-conspiracy https://steemit.com/science/@kerriknox/debunking-the-no-24-hour-sun-in-antarctica-claim-part-4-of-4-the-flat-earth-antarctica-conspiracy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration Hitler's Frozen Base The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence whatever that it is not utterly absurd. - Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970 A wise man ... proportions his belief to the evidence - David Hume, 1711-1776 In the late 1930's, the Nazi's showed an interest in Antarctica and sent a expedition to survey a part of it and claim it for Germany, the claim was not continued but it sowed the seeds for a whole range of fantasies about secret things that might be going on. What really did happen? Neuschwabenland A little known German expedition to Antarctica from the 17th of December 1938 to the 12th of April 1939 on the ship MS Schwabenland had the purpose of claiming an area now known as Dronning Maud Land mainly to protect the German whaling industry. This area however had been previously explored by Norway and was formally claimed by the Norwegians in January 1939 after the Germans had set sail. The Schwabenland was equipped with a steam catapult and two Dornier Wal flying boats which were used to photographically survey 600,000 square kilometres. About a dozen aluminium flags were dropped from the aircraft at turning points of flight polygons and others were left by foot expeditions, none of these have ever been recovered. The land surveyed was claimed by Germany in August 1939 as "Neuschwabenland" named from the ship. The outbreak of war prevented two further planned expeditions and the possible building of a base, though most probably to the other side of Antarctica in the Pacific sector away from the Norwegian claim, the claim was abandoned in 1945. There is no evidence of any further German activity in Antarctica during World War 2. U-530 and U-977 On the morning of the 10th of July 1945, the German U-boat U-530 arrived at the Argentine naval base at Mar del Plata near Buenos Aires, two months after the German surrender and the end of the war in Europe on the 8th of May 1945. Rumours spread that it had brought Hitler, Eva Braun, Martin Bormann and others and had landed them on the coast of Patagonia or Antarctica before reaching Mar del Plata. A week later a Hungarian exile in Argentina, Ladislas Szabo wrote a detailed account in a local newspaper of how Hitler and his entourage had supposedly escaped Germany. The story quickly spread worldwide and versions of it appeared in other newspapers in many countries. On the 17th of August, another U boat, U-977 also arrived at Mar del Plata, further fuelling speculation. The commanders of these U-boats and their crews were arrested and interrogated by naval personnel from Argentina, the USA and the UK, they all concluded that the arrivals were innocuous and the crews were released. Two years later in 1947, Szabo published a book "Hitler is Alive" where he claimed these two U-boats had taken fleeing senior Nazis to Antarctica as part of a submarine convoy, the commander of U-977 in particular, Heinz Schaeffer denied this but the rumour still spread. In another version of the story, it is Hitler's ashes that were taken to Antarctica and placed in a special ice-cave along with Nazi treasure. Szabo claimed a Nazi Antarctic base called "New Berchetesgaden" had been built in 1938-39, this idea has been taken up by several authors over the years often building on earlier embellishments with tales becoming ever more fantastical as time went on. The submarine convoy and the "New Berchetesgaden" base both first appear when described by Szabo, there is no reference to either before his publications, subsequent publications refer to what he initially described and there has never been any evidence of either. Secret British Wartime operations While the Germans were not active in Antarctica during the war, the British were. Great Britain had claimed the sector of Antarctica between 20°W and 80°W and to the South Pole in 1908, Argentina claimed pretty much the same section from the mid 1920's and so did Chile in 1940, Argentina and Chile were both friendly with Germany. From February 1944 Great Britain occupied the region of their claim to rebut the competing claims from Argentina and Chile under the guise of obtaining information about German shipping raiders and U-boats in the region. A number of permanently manned bases were established to this end each with a handful of personnel under Operation Tabarin. Much scientific data was collected during this time and after the war, work continued as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey which later became the British Antarctic Survey. Operations Highjump and Windmill Operation Highjump 1946-47 and Operation Windmill 1947-48 (the Antarctic summer seasons) were United States Navy operations with Highjump being the largest ever group to go to Antarctica consisting of 4,700 men, 13 ships and 33 aircraft. The main purpose was to prepare for and practice techniques for cold weather warfare in polar conditions while being diplomatically far away from the Arctic and Russia. It was primarily a military exercise with a number of other important objectives such as establishing a research station, investigating further potential base sites, extending the sovereignty of the Unites States to an extensive region of the continent, and surveying the electromagnetic, geological, hydrographical and other scientifically important aspects of the physical environment. Operation Windmill was a follow-up much smaller exercise the following year, an important part of which was to obtain ground references for the 70,000 aerial photographs taken during Highjump the previous year. Helicopters were used extensively, hence the name Windmill being given to the operation. Nuclear Explosions In August and September 1958, three nuclear explosions were detonated by the United States as part of Operation Argus over the South Atlantic between 38.5° and 49.5° south between 2,280 and 3,500km north of Antarctica to the southwest of South Africa. These were high altitude bursts and as might be expected at the time at the height of the Cold War were shrouded in secrecy, though they were reported soon afterwards in 1961. Contortions of the Truth and Invented Narratives As we have seen above, the evidence-free stories about a Nazi Base in Antarctica began within a week of a submarine turning up somewhere unexpected shortly after the Nazi surrender in 1945. The items I outline above are factual, though they have been used repeatedly as a scaffold to support all manner of fantasies that may or may not fit together. There are a number of narratives from several authors which follow similar patterns with some variations. The basic story is that a German base in Antarctica was established just before the war by the Schwabenland, this was expanded during the war being regularly supplied by submarine deliveries, it was used to develop sophisticated secret weapons. This base was spied on by the British who attempted unsuccessfully to destroy it in an SAS raid in 1945. Operation Highjump was sent to attack the base, though they were repulsed by secret weapons (flying saucers are often mentioned), then eventually the base was destroyed by nuclear bombs in 1958. By the time of its eventual destruction the base is often described as being populated by hundreds or even thousands of people and defended by a range of sophisticated weaponry including the flying saucers. Of course all of the stories claim that there has been suppression of facts and evidence by the British, Americans and anyone else you care to name, the lack of evidence is therefore presented implicitly as evidence. While a lack of evidence makes something much less likely, the absence of evidence is not the same as the evidence of absence. What follows is a short account of why the claims of a secret Nazi base are not only baseless (did you see what I did there?) but ridiculous. For a more in depth explanation and discussion, see: Summerhayes and Beeching, (2007) Polar Record 43 (224): 1-21. Hitler's Antarctic Base: The Myth and the Reality download here The Secret Nazi Antarctic Base Different authors claim different building times and locations of the supposed Nazi base, sometimes it is described as being in a warm ice-free oasis with lakes, sometimes pictures of other areas are misrepresented or just plain faked. While there are ice-free or relatively ice-free areas in Antarctica, they are not warm, the lack of ice is due to the prevailing winds and low snow deposition, not melting. The supposed warm ice-free caves under the ice/ground and source of geothermal energy to supply the base do not exist in Dronning-Maud Land, while there is geothermal and even volcanic activity in other parts of Antarctica, this area is particularly geothermally quiet. Time and logistics. The base described as first built in 1939 is usually described as being about 250km inland across a previously unexplored and unmapped, crevassed and sloping ice shelf. The ship Schwabenland was in the area for about a month. Previous Antarctic bases that had been established by Scott, Shackleton, Amundsen and others took at least two weeks to construct the base buildings. The Germans were inexperienced in such things and transport across 250km of uncharted ice field would have been difficult and time consuming even for the experienced. The Dornier aircraft had a payload equivalent of about 10 people and being flying boats were unable to land and take off safely on a glacier or ice cap so could not have been used for transport. There was simply not enough time or the resources to build a base so far inland in such a short space of time even to house just a dozen or so men as had happened previously let alone the hundreds imagined by authors who described the base. There have now been well over 1,000 scientists who have visited the area of Newschwabenland, several scientific bases have been established there since the 1950's, the whole area has been mapped by satellite and considerable air traffic has criss-crossed the area, none of this has led to the reporting of even the slightest evidence of a wartime Nazi base. As it was supposedly built in an ice-free oasis, it would not have been buried by snow. British Operation Tabarin There is a claim that the British set up a base called Maudheim-1 (there are no records) in Dronning Maud Land during the war to observe the apparent Nazi base, this was supposedly attacked by the Nazis in July 1945 followed by SAS led (failed) retaliatory attacks from October to December that year. While Operation Tabarin was a military led wartime mission and secret at the time, all records are in the public domain and no base was ever built in Dronning Maud Land, which as it is in the Norwegian claimed sector is as expected. The main purpose of Operation Tabarin was to establish a British scientific presence in the British claimed sector where all of the wartime bases were built. These bases were all tiny with a compliment of between 4 and 9 men. There was no SAS presence in Antarctica during the war. There were three de-mobbed ex-SAS men in the Falkland Islands in 1945-46 after the war who became involved in the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, the civilian development of Operation Tabarin seeing the possibility for a civilian adventure in Antarctica. The SAS had been disbanded in October 1945 and would not be reformed until 1948. A number of bases were established in and around the Antarctic Peninsula area from February 1944, each was very small and they were frequently visited by shipping during the summer months with personnel being changed over or moved to other locations. They would also often be closed down and another opened as more or less advantageous places to build a base were discovered by trial and error. This perfectly normal and explicable behaviour has been suggested as being somehow significant or mysterious, it isn't. U-530 and U-977 Did these U-boats visit Antarctica before turning up in Argentina two months after the end of the war in Europe? Interrogation reports of the crews of these two submarines showed that U-530 was off New York when the news reached them of the German capitulation on the 8th of May 1945, while U-977 was off the coast of Norway. U-977 put 16 men ashore who chose to go near Bergen, and then the rest of the crew (now reduced from the normal number) made their way to German-friendly Argentina. Both boats had to travel quite slowly to conserve fuel, they travelled on the surface at night and below the surface during the day to avoid capture, this slowed them down further. The time taken for them to reach Argentina is exactly within the travelling time and speeds they could make during their separate journeys. Embellished claims were made that the U-530 that turned up in Argentina was in fact a much faster and larger boat than the "real" U-530, as usual without any evidence, even to the point where the supposed performance was significantly beyond any U boat in service. June and July when the submarines were claimed to be in Antarctica are the depths of winter there. Winter storms, 24 hour darkness and a formidable skirt of seasonal sea-ice 1-2m thick before the continent is even reached prevent any shipping operating in the winter even today, let alone small 1940's submarines without any ice strengthening. Satellite data shows that this sea-ice in the Dronning-Maud Land region extends from the coast by about 500km in May and June and 1,665km in July. Then there is the presence of huge ice-bergs, the difficulties of under-ice navigation and a 250km crevasse strewn inland journey largely in the dark with winter temperatures of down to -50°C once the submarines had landed. There is no evidence whatsoever of a convoy of submarines that these two boats were supposedly part of, going to Antarctica or elsewhere. Operation Highjump It is claimed by several authors with no supporting evidence that the purpose of Operation Highjump (1946-47) was to destroy the supposed Nazi base in Dronning-Maud Land. Highjump was primarily a military rather scientific expedition, one of a number at the time designed to prepare for potential cold weather warfare in the Arctic, while being diplomatically far enough away from the Arctic and Russia. It was widely written about in the press at the time and accompanied by 11 journalists rather than being secret as was the British Operation Tabarin. Books published shortly afterwards were written by people on the expedition and an official report released later in 1947. Though classified as confidential and not made available to the general public, it was never classified as secret, there was nothing in the official report that was substantially different to the report about Operation Highjump in a National Geographic magazine issue in 1947. Operation Highjump was centered on Little America IV, a new base that was built as part of the activities. This was on the Ross Ice Shelf on the opposite part of the continent to Dronning-Maud Land which was at the extreme limit of the planned exploration area. The ships didn't leave the USA until late in the season, December the 2nd 1946, and arrived late to the Ross Sea after meeting a 1000km wide belt of pack ice. They unloaded supplies and materials for the Little America IV base on the 15th of January 1947 and left again as winter began to arrive on the 23rd of February 1947 to avoid damage to the ships that didn't have ice strengthening. They did not leave as claimed in some more fantastical descriptions because they were chased off by "secret weapons" or "flying saucers" from the Nazi base on the other side of the continent. A short summer season is usual in the Ross Sea region due to variable sea-ice and the relatively unpredictable advent of the Austral winter, the whole operation got off to a late start and the weather-forced early end was not unanticipated. Activities of all kinds in Antarctica are primarily dependent on the weather and sea-ice conditions rather than strict dates on the calendar. It was intended to last longer than it did, but still only weeks rather than many months as sometimes claimed. Atom Bombs The invented narrative says that in 1958, 3 nuclear bombs were used to destroy the Nazi base in Dronning-Maud Land. The reality is that they were high altitude test explosions for a particular purpose of potentially interfering with radar, radio and electronics of satellites and missiles. They were exploded between 2,280 and 3,500km north of Antarctica. Antarctica is a much studied environment in part because it is clean with virtually no pollution. Ice cores taken show peaks of radioactive fallout from 1950's and 60's nuclear tests thousands of km away in chronological order as they are trapped within seasonal snowfall and accumulation and so recorded. Nuclear explosions directly over Dronning-Maud Land in 1958 would show dramatic peaks of radio isotopes if they happened, no such evidence has ever been found in any ice cores taken. 1958 was part of the International Geophysical Year when there was great international co-operation to study the polar regions including the establishment of many temporary and permanent scientific bases. At this time there were Belgian, British, Japanese and Norwegian scientists living on newly established bases in the area, nuclear explosions would have been noticed and reported. Conclusions A sledge hammer to crack a nut maybe? Any sensible minded person wouldn't give the Nazi Antarctic base fantasy the time of day. The time it has taken me to write this page or for Messers. Summerhayes and Beeching to research and write their excellent paper debunking the ideas formally is arguably beyond what the effort is worth. After all, anyone who might consider such things as true is probably not going to bother reading a detailed analysis about why they can't possibly be so. Admiral Byrd and his Trip to Antarctica and Testing the Firmament. Something is found in Antarctica, most likely the edge of the dome, then the area is shut down and kept by various countries around the world; the treaty of which has never been violated. The next event to occur is “operation fishbowl project Dominic” (1962), translated it reads fishbowl of the Lord, a very peculiar name wouldn’t you say? During this operation, both the United States and the Soviet Union launch nuke after nuke straight up into the sky. Why? Many others in the truth community believe they were testing the boundaries of the firmament. Here’s a quote from Dr. John Mack, Dept. of Defense during operation fishbowl, “Nothing has or ever will penetrate the glass dome”. If you found out you lived inside of an enclo

Elon Musk And Donald Trump Are Lying To American People NASA Moon & Mars Landing Hoaxes And International Space Station Fake Space Walks In Their Neutral Buoyancy Lab. And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. There is yes lot's evidence to support the claim that no one has left Earth or that NASA fake astronauts are not stranded in space at all. So in a manner that suggests any form of deception or "tomfoolery." NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore were part of a mission that faced delays due to technical issues but were not stranded in the sense of being abandoned or without means of returning home. They have communicated from the Fake International Space Station (FISS) are really in a swimming pool lab and have stated that they do not feel abandoned or stranded at all is because they are still on earth the whole time at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in Texas U.S.A.. The astronauts arrived at the Fake ISS in June 2024 on a mission intended to last 10 days, but due to technical issues, their return was delayed. SpaceX Crew-10 Docks With International Space Station See All The Highlights In 13 Minutes - https://rumble.com/v6qqxeq-spacex-crew-10-docks-with-international-space-station-see-all-the-highlight.html Despite President Donald Trump's comments suggesting they were stranded, NASA officials and the astronauts themselves have clarified that they were not in a situation where they could not leave the space station. Their return was initially delayed but was eventually set for March 19 or 20, 2025. As of March 28, 2025, they have completed their mission and returned to Earth. NASA astronauts Sunita "Suni" Williams and Barry "Butch" Wilmore are finally back on Earth. The two spent more than eight months on the International Space Station, even though they initially expected to stay for about eight days. The capsule splashed down off the coast of Tallahassee, Florida, on Tuesday afternoon. Parachutes lowered their capsule into the water. A SpaceX recovery ship will bring the capsule on board, and the crew will catch a helicopter back to land. A relief crew docked to the ISS just after midnight ET on Sunday after two days of delays getting off the ground, the first due to a hydraulic system issue with a ground support clamp arm for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, the second due to weather. But on Friday, at 7:03 p.m. ET, Crew-10, consisting of NASA astronauts Anne McClain and Nichole Ayers, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Takuya Onishi, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Kirill Peskov launched on their journey to the ISS. And on Sunday, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft docked at the orbiting complex at 12:04 a.m. ET, while the station was roughly 260 miles over the Atlantic Ocean. At 1:35 a.m. ET, the hatch opened, and the new crew was greeted by the current space station crew, including Williams and Wilmore. Williams and Wilmore traveled 121,347,491 miles during their mission, spent 286 days in space, and completed 4,576 orbits around Earth, NASA reported. Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched Are Photo-Shopped. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States, 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. So We Tried Calling All NASA's SpaceX Crew-10 Astronauts Cell Phones At Launch Location: Kennedy Space Center, Florida. No One Answered The Astronauts Cell Phones... So Next We Tried (Find My Cell Phone App.) Only 3 Astronauts Cell Phone Came Up At The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Located At Houston, Texas. ((So This Part Is Funny To Us)) SpaceX Launch In Florida And 10 Mins Later Astronauts Cell Phones Are In Houston, Texas. Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) is an astronaut training facility operated by NASA and located at the Sonny Carter Training Facility near the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. It features a large indoor pool of water, which astronauts use to perform simulated EVA tasks in preparation for upcoming missions. The pool, measuring 202 ft long, 102 ft wide, and 40 ft deep, holds approximately 6.2 million gallons of water and is split into two sections to allow for simultaneous training sessions. Astronauts wear suits designed to provide neutral buoyancy, simulating the microgravity experienced during spaceflight. Safety divers are present to ensure the safety of the astronauts and assist them in moving from one exercise to the next. The water in the pool is exceptionally clear, with visibility of at least 202 feet. The NBL was established in April 1995 to replace the previous Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF), which was too small to accommodate the larger mock-ups of space station components needed for missions like the International Space Station. In June 2024, NASA awarded a contract to Vertex Aerospace for the operations of the NBL, with a two-year base period starting October 1, 2024, and potential extensions through 2034. The total potential value of the contract is $265.2 million. The NBL is used not only for astronaut training but also for filming documentaries and other projects, as seen in a segment filmed by the Blue World team. Space satellites Satellites are objects, typically spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They serve a variety of purposes including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation (like GPS), broadcasting, scientific research, and Earth observation. Some satellites also have military uses such as reconnaissance, early warning, signals intelligence, and potentially weapon delivery. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States, 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. Satellites can be categorized into two main types: natural satellites, like the Moon orbiting Earth, and artificial satellites, which are man-made and launched into space. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Since then, satellites have become critical for various applications, including internet connectivity and precision agriculture. SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, is the largest commercial operator of satellites, with 358 satellites as of April 2020. The company's mission includes boosting navigation capabilities and supplying the world with space-based internet through its Starlink constellation. NASA also operates numerous satellites, with over a dozen Earth science satellites in orbit, helping to study the oceans, land, and atmosphere. Satellites are essential for modern life, enabling services like GPS and weather forecasts, and they continue to play a crucial role in both civilian and military operations. However, the increasing number of satellites in orbit also raises concerns about space debris and the need to manage this shared resource responsibly. International Space Station Not In Pool Or Is It ? Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Yes The International Space Station (ISS) is located in a swimming pool. The claim that the ISS is in a swimming pool is false or is it real true. The photos showing astronauts working underwater in a large pool are from NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) in Houston, Texas, which is used to train astronauts for spacewalks and other tasks they will perform in space. The NBL is a training facility that simulates microgravity conditions to prepare astronauts for the unique environment of space. It contains 6.2 million US gallons (23 million liters) of water and includes full-scale mock-ups of ISS modules and other training materials. However, the actual ISS orbits Earth at an altitude of about 250 miles (400 kilometers). The NBL is crucial for astronaut training but does not house the real ISS. Astronauts use the NBL to practice tasks they will perform during spacewalks and other missions. SpaceX's Crew-10 mission arrives at International Space Station to relieve Starliner astronauts (video). Crew-10 docked with the station on Sunday (March 16) at 12:04 a.m. ET. SpaceX's Crew-10 astronaut mission has arrived at the International Space Station, ending a 28-hour orbital chase. Crew-10 launched on Friday evening (March 14) atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, sending four astronauts from three different nations toward the orbiting lab. Crew-10's Crew Dragon capsule, named Endurance, caught up with the station early Sunday morning (March 16), docking with its Harmony module at 12:04 a.m. EDT (0404 GMT), while the two spacecraft were flying 260 miles (418 kilometers) above the Atlantic Ocean. "It's such a great honor for us to be part of this program," Crew-10 mission specialist Takuya Onishi of JAXA (the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) said shortly after docking. "We have a lot of exciting work ahead of us that we are looking forward to. Again, thank you very much to everybody who helped us to get here." The hatches between Endurance and the International Space Station (ISS) opened at 1:35 a.m. EDT (0535 GMT), and the Crew-10 astronauts floated aboard the orbiting lab about 10 minutes later. Those new arrivals are Onishi, NASA astronauts Anne McClain and Nichole Ayers, and Kirill Peskov of the Russian space agency Roscosmos. McClain is the Crew-10 commander. Ayers is the pilot, and Onishi and Peskov are mission specialists. The quartet will stay aboard the ISS for about six months, the usual duration for crew rotations. The Crew-10 astronauts will relieve four folks who have been living on the ISS for a while now — NASA's Nick Hague, Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore and Roscosmos' Aleksandr Gorbunov. Hague and Gorbunov arrived at the station in late September, on SpaceX's Crew-9 mission. Williams and Wilmore have been in orbit since early June, when they launched on the first crewed mission of Boeing's Starliner spacecraft. Starliner's mission was supposed to last just 10 days or so, but the capsule suffered thruster problems and was eventually brought home uncrewed in early September. NASA retasked Williams and Wilmore to a long-term ISS mission and took two astronauts off the Crew-9 launch to accommodate them on the way home. Hague, Williams, Wilmroe and Gorbunov will come back to Earth in the Crew-9 Dragon no earlier than Wednesday (March 19), NASA officials said after the Crew-10 launch. So Is It Fake Watch Jeff Bezos Blue Origin's NS-19 Launch And Land From Inside The Capsule - https://rumble.com/v6qn20q-so-is-it-fake-watch-jeff-bezos-blue-origins-ns-19-launch-and-land-from-insi.html Blue Origin NS-19 Orbit Blue Origin NS-19 did not make any orbits around the Earth. It was a suborbital flight, which means it reached space but did not achieve orbit. The New Shepard vehicle carried six passengers to the edge of space and returned safely to Earth under parachutes. The flight was notable for being the first time Blue Origin launched six passengers at once. Blue Origin NS-19 Launch and Land Blue Origin's NS-19 launch and landing took place on December 11, 2021. The mission launched at 9:45 a.m. EST (1445 GMT) and carried six people, including Good Morning America anchor Michael Strahan, to suborbital space. The flight lasted for 11 minutes, with the capsule landing under parachutes shortly after the rocket booster returned to a safe upright landing. Blue Origin began its live coverage at 8:15 a.m. EST (1215 GMT) and you can watch the archived footage on their website or through Space.com. No One Has Left Earth Ever Seven Rockets Hit The Firmament Or Water Dome Above The Earth - https://rumble.com/v6qfkei-no-one-has-left-earth-ever-seven-rockets-hit-the-firmament-or-water-dome-ab.html International Space Station Floats Astronauts float inside the International Space Station (ISS) not because there is no gravity in space, but because the ISS and the astronauts inside are in a continuous free-fall around Earth. This creates an environment similar to zero gravity, where objects, including astronauts, behave as if they are weightless. Despite being about 90% as strong as it is on Earth's surface, the force of Earth's gravity still acts on the ISS. However, since both the ISS and the astronauts are falling towards Earth at the same rate as they orbit, they experience a sensation of weightlessness. This phenomenon is also known as microgravity, where objects inside the ISS float or move uniformly as if no gravitational force acts on them. ISS Space Stanton Height The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 250 miles (402 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. Gravity at 50 Miles Up The force of gravity at 50 miles (approximately 80 kilometers) above the Earth's surface is only slightly less than at the Earth's surface. Specifically, the gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance from the center of the Earth, meaning that at 50 miles above the surface, the force of gravity is only about 3 percent less than on the surface of the Earth. This reduction in gravity is due to the increased distance from the Earth's center. The exact calculation involves the gravitational force formula, which shows that the force of gravity decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Hubble Space Telescope Height The Hubble Space Telescope orbits approximately 320 miles (515 km) above Earth's surface. It is in a low Earth orbit, which allows for servicing missions but also means it passes through Earth's shadow for about 25 minutes per orbit, during which time it relies on batteries to power its operations. Earth Gravity at 320 Miles At a distance of 320 km (approximately 200 miles) above the Earth's surface, the value of acceleration due to gravity is lower than its value on the surface of the Earth. Specifically, the acceleration due to gravity decreases like one divided by the square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Given that the radius of the Earth is about 6,400 km, the distance from the center of the Earth to an object at 320 km above the surface is 6,720 km. This means the distance from the center of the Earth to the object is 1.05 times larger than the distance from the center of the Earth to the surface. Therefore, the square of the distance is 1.1025 times larger, and the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 11.25% smaller at this altitude than it is at the Earth's surface. Thus, at 320 km above the Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity is roughly 88.75% of its value on the surface. True Science Flat Earth Today So Are Conspiracies About The Earth So Is It True Or Is It A Lies - https://rumble.com/v6qex3o-true-science-flat-earth-today-so-are-conspiracies-about-the-earth-so-is-it-.html Temperature in Space 250 Miles Up Space at 250 miles above Earth's surface is not hot or cold in the traditional sense because it is a vacuum and lacks air molecules to transfer heat. However, the temperature can be described based on the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), which is about 2.73 Kelvin (-270.42 Celsius, -454.75 Fahrenheit). In the vicinity of Earth, temperatures can vary dramatically. For example, the sun-facing side of the International Space Station (ISS) can reach about 121°C (250°F), while the dark side can drop to -157°C (-250°F). These extreme temperature fluctuations are managed by the thermal conditioning systems on board spacecraft like the ISS. How U.S.A. False Moon Landing Space And Psyops Gone Wild NASA Moon & Mars Landing Hoaxes - https://rumble.com/v6qdx3w-how-u.s.a.-false-moon-landing-space-and-psyops-gone-wild-nasa-moon-and-mars.html Blue Origin New Shepard-18 Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission was the second crewed flight of the New Shepard spacecraft. It launched on October 13, 2021, from Corn Ranch, also known as Launch Site One, located in West Texas. The mission carried four passengers: William Shatner, Chris Boshuizen, Glen de Vries, and Audrey Powers. William Shatner, at 90 years old, became the oldest person to fly into space on this mission. The New Shepard vehicle used for this flight was the fourth iteration of the booster and the capsule named RSS First Step, both of which had flown on previous missions including NS-14, NS-15, and NS-16 earlier in the year. The New Shepard system is designed for operational reusability and minimal maintenance between flights, with nearly 99% of the system's dry mass being reused. Shatner was a guest of Blue Origin and did not have to pay for the trip, while the other passengers were paying customers. The booster landed successfully eight minutes after launch. It's worth noting that Ed Dwight later surpassed Shatner's record of being the oldest person to fly into space when he flew as a space tourist on Blue Origin's suborbital flight on May 19, 2024, at the age of 90 years and 253 days. The claim that no one has ever left Earth's atmosphere is based on a redefinition of the boundaries of Earth's atmosphere. Elon Musk And Donald Trump Are Lying To American People NASA Moon & Mars Landing Hoaxes - https://rumble.com/v6qck60-elon-musk-and-donald-trump-are-lying-to-american-people-nasa-moon-and-mars-.html According to a study published in 2019, the Earth's geocorona, an outer layer of the atmosphere composed mainly of hydrogen, extends much farther than previously thought, reaching beyond the moon's orbit. This means that even when astronauts were on the moon, they were technically still within Earth's atmosphere. However, it's important to note that this redefinition does not imply that humans have not left Earth's gravitational influence. The moon is well within Earth's gravitational field, and astronauts have indeed traveled beyond low Earth orbit. The Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometers, is commonly used as the boundary of space, and many spacecraft and astronauts have crossed this line. In summary, while the geocorona extends far beyond the moon, humans have traveled beyond Earth's atmosphere and gravitational influence in the sense that they have left low Earth orbit and traveled to the moon and beyond. Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Celsius Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a unit of measurement for temperature. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. In 1948, the 9th CGPM and the CIPM formally adopted "degree Celsius". Fahrenheit : Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) is a unit of measurement for temperature. In most countries during the mid to late 20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale. However, it remains the official scale of the United States, Cayman Islands and Belize. So The Melting Points of Metals Like A Satellite Hoax or A Tesla Electric Vehicles? Metals are known for their ability to withstand extreme conditions. Heavy loads, nonstop cycling, high impact, caustic environments and even high temperatures. Furnaces, combustion engines, jet engines, ignition nozzles, high-speed machinery, and exhaust systems are consistently subjected to temperatures that can cause certain metal types to melt. When selecting a metal for a high temperature application, several different temperature points need to be evaluated, and one of the most critical temperatures to know is the melting temperature of the metal. What is the Melting Temperature of Metals? A metal’s melting temperature, more scientifically known as the melting point, is the temperature that a metal begins to transform from a solid phase into a liquid phase. At the melting temperature, the solid phase and liquid phase of a metal exist in equilibrium. Once this temperature is achieved, heat can be continuously added to the metal, however this will not raise the overall temperature. Once the metal is completely in the liquid phase, additional heat will again continue to raise the temperature of the metal. Why is the Metal Melting Temperature Important? There are many important temperatures that a metal reaches as it is heated through either a metalworking process or as a result of the application, but the melting temperature of a metal is one of the most important. One reason the melting temperature is so important is because of the component failure that can occur once a metal reaches its melting temperature. Metal failure may happen before the melting point, but when a metal reaches its melting temperature and begins to become a liquid, it will no longer serve its intended purpose. For instance, if a furnace component begins to melt, the furnace will no longer function if the component is important enough. If a jet engine fuel nozzle melts, the orifices will clog and may render the engine useless. It is important to note that other types of metal failure such as creep-induced fractures may occur well before the melting temperature is reached, and research needs to be done beforehand on the effect of the various temperatures to which a metal will be subjected. Another reason why the melting temperature of a metal is so important is that metals are most formable when they are liquid. Metals are heated to their melting temperatures for many different manufacturing processes. Smelting, fusion welding, and casting all require metals to be liquids in order to be performed. When performing a manufacturing process where the metal is going to be melted, it is important to know the temperature at which that will happen so that the appropriate materials for the equipment being used can be selected. For instance, a welding gun must be able to withstand the ambient heat of an electrical arc and molten metal. Casting equipment such as dies must have a higher melting temperature than the metal being cast. Melting Temperatures of Common Metals These are the melting temperatures of common metal types: Aluminum: 660°C (1220°F) Brass: 930°C (1710°F) Aluminum Bronze*: 1027-1038°C (1881-1900°F) Chromium: 1860°C (3380°F) Copper: 1084°C (1983°F) Gold: 1063°C (1945°F) Inconel*: 1390-1425°C (2540-2600°F) Cast Iron: 1204°C (2200°F) Lead: 328°C (622°F) Molybdenum: 2620°C (4748°F) Nickel: 1453°C (2647°F) Platinum: 1770°C (3218°F) Silver: 961°C (1762°F) Carbon Steel*: 1425-1540°C (2597-2800°F) Stainless Steel*: 1375 – 1530°C (2500-2785°F) Titanium: 1670°C (3038°F) Tungsten: 3400°C (6152°F) Zinc: 420°C (787°F) *Alloys have more than one element, therefore their melting temperature is a range that is dependent on the alloy composition. Earth's Atmospheric Layers is Troposphere The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles). This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region. Stratosphere The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer. Mesosphere The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer Thermosphere The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372 miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer. Ionosphere The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere. This dynamic region grows and shrinks based on solar conditions and divides further into the sub-regions: D, E and F; based on what wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed. The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions. This region is what makes radio communications possible. Exosphere This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. Blue Origin New Shepard Flight Duration Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission, also known as NS-18, successfully launched on October 13, 2021, at 14:49. The flight carried four passengers, including actor William Shatner, who flew as a guest of Blue Origin. The rocket reached an apogee of 106.926 km, while the capsule reached 107.041 km above Earth's surface. The total flight time for New Shepard from takeoff to landing is approximately 10 minutes, with the passengers experiencing weightlessness for about three minutes. The time spent above 100 km, which is considered the boundary of space, is about 1 minute and 9 seconds. If the earth is spinning at 1000 miles per hour, how does a plane take you to a certain destination if it's traveling the same way of the earth’s rotation? In other words, how does the plane "catch up"? The other answers have pretty much covered the basics that everything within the atmosphere is moving at the same speed as the Earth itself. So it doesn’t matter which direction an aircraft flies, its speed is only relative to the earth and the Earth’s rotation doesn’t effect it at all other than the effect that winds have. But there is one thing that people, and this question, seem to get wrong. The Earth spins at slightly over 1000 mph only AT the Equator. As you move North or South the speed the Earth spins at decreases until you reach the poles where essentially you spin around essentially at zero mph. How does that work? There is a device that used to be very popular called a “Record Player.” Imagine that the Earth’s Northern or Southern Hemisphere is flattened like a record. The outside circumference is analogous to the Equator and the center is analogous to a Pole. When the record spins the circumference moves further and faster than any spot between the circumference and the center post. One full rotation of the record is equal to the length of the circumference while the distance travelled by the outside of the purple label in the picture above is substantially less. The Earth is exactly the same. I'm not usually one for simple answers, but I'm going to give it a try. The earth is like a basketball covered in a thick layer of molasses. Our atmosphere sticks to the surface of the earth like molasses to the basketball — not because of it's stickiness, but because of gravity. Gravity is a binding force that is associated with the massive density of the earth, which holds all things, living or dead, to that surface. People, cars, water, and even aircraft are stuck inside that molasses. Wherever it goes, we go. Even if we are floating of the surface of the ball, flying in an airplane, we're still in the molasses. But here's the thing. Because the molasses moves with us, we sense no apparent motion of the ball. There's no 1000 mph wind in our face. If we want to move forward, we only need to swim forward in the molasses. The same with backwards. The molasses will resist our motion whichever way we go, the same way air does in our face, so we can only move slowly,. But it does not matter if we move with the rotation of the ball or against it. We move with the molasses, which moves with the ball. So there is no need to “catch up". We're already moving with the atmosphere, and with the earth, which are all moving at the same rotational speed as one system We just need to move within that system to travel to our destination. We are buried deep in the molasses. All that matters is our relative movement within the molasses. The Earth indeed spins at approximately 1,000 miles per hour at the equator, but the way planes travel in relation to the Earth's rotation is a bit different than it might seem at first. Key Points to Understand: Relative Motion: The airplane is moving through the atmosphere, which is also rotating with the Earth. When a plane takes off, it doesn't need to "catch up" to a stationary point on the ground; it is already moving with the Earth’s rotation. Air Movement: The atmosphere is generally in motion as well. While the Earth spins, the air moves with it due to friction between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This means that, at cruising altitude, the plane is flying through air that is also moving with the Earth's rotation. Flight Paths: Airplanes follow specific flight paths that are influenced by wind patterns and weather conditions. For example, if a plane is flying west, it is traveling against the Earth's rotation, but it is still moving forward relative to the ground. Conversely, if it is flying east, it may benefit from tailwinds that help it travel faster relative to the ground. Time Zones and Travel: The Earth's rotation affects time zones, which is why flights that travel eastward (in the direction of the rotation) can sometimes take less time than the same distance traveled westward due to prevailing winds and the rotation of the Earth. Example: If a plane takes off from a point on Earth and is flying east at a speed of 500 miles per hour, it is flying in the direction of the Earth's rotation. The ground beneath it is also moving east at about 1,000 miles per hour, but the plane's speed relative to the ground is still 500 miles per hour. The plane may be slower than the ground speed, but it is still making progress toward its destination. Conclusion: In summary, planes do not need to "catch up" to the Earth's rotation because they are already part of the rotating system. Their speed relative to the ground is what matters for reaching a destination, and they navigate through the atmosphere, which moves along with the Earth. The plane doesn’t need to catch up. The plane, along with everything else on Earth, was already moving at 1000 mph (relative to an outside observer not on Earth) before it took off, and it retains that motion once its in the air. This is why an aircraft like a helicopter can’t take off and “hover” while Earth rotates beneath it. For this to be possible, the atmosphere would have to not be rotating along with the solid portion of the Earth. But we know that it is, because it would be ridiculous if it weren’t. There would be a constant 1000 mph westward wind threatening to blow everything away the minute it wasn’t firmly anchored to the ground. I have never observed this. Have you? Let’s take the hypothetical (and stupid) scenario of ground motion and air motion not being coupled together, and consider it from two different reference frames: Frame of reference of observers in air/helicopter Helicopter takes off and maintains itself as stationary relative to the air. The ground rotates underneath it, so that points that were westward of where the helicopter started, eventually end up directly under it. Frame of reference of observers on the ground The helicopter takes off and is immediately blown away westward by the constant 1000 mph wind. Again, I have never seen this occurring, because all components of Earth are rotating together, so their motion relative to each other is 0 mph. To elaborate: the motion of landed planes, and people, and the atmosphere, and everything else that is part of Earth, is 0 mph relative to Earth’s surface. Their motions are only 1000 mph relative to an external observer who is not rotating along with Earth. The Earth DOES NOT spin at 1,000mph. It spins at 15 DEGREES per hour, or roughly half the rotational velocity of the hour hand of a 12 hour clock. This is a distinction lost on flat Earth trolls. At the Equator, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 1037mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At 60 degrees North or 60 degrees South latitude, this equates to a tangential speed of shy of 500mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At the North or South Poles, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 0mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. As to why you don’t hop and land two seconds later a few hundred yards from where you started: you share the same inertial frame of reference as the Earth and the surrounding space out past the heliopause (roughly 10 billion miles). To move within an inertial frame of reference you have to expend energy. If you jump up, in layman’s terms gravity pulls you right back down. Yes NASA & Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. So Elon Musk and Donald Trump have been accused of spreading misinformation regarding NASA's operations and missions. Specifically, they have made claims about NASA astronauts being "stranded" on the International Space Station (ISS), which NASA and the astronauts themselves have refuted. According to NASA, the astronauts were not stranded but were part of a mission that required careful planning and safety assessments before returning to Earth. Regarding NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon, Musk has criticized the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket as "outrageously expensive" and a "distraction," advocating instead for a direct mission to Mars. Trump's administration has also shown a preference for Mars exploration over the moon, as indicated by the removal of a lunar rock sample from the Oval Office and the focus on Mars in Trump's inaugural address. The true claims about NASA's moon and Mars landing hoaxes are supported by evidence. NASA's plans and progress are subject to rigorous oversight and public scrutiny, and the agency continues to work on both the Artemis program and Mars exploration initiatives. In summary, while Musk and Trump have made statements that some consider misleading, the official stance of NASA and the astronauts involved does not support the claims of astronauts being stranded or NASA engaging in hoaxes regarding its missions. Is The Earth Actually Flat ? Open Your Mind Now ! Yes Elon Musk & NASA Are Lying To You - https://rumble.com/v637epz-is-the-earth-actually-flat-open-your-mind-now-yes-elon-musk-and-nasa-are-ly.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. Elon Musk SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax & Greatest Deception Of Our Time - https://rumble.com/v639ol2-elon-musk-spacex-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-and-greatest-deception-o.html So Elon Musk Said SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax ? & NASA Greatest Real Deception Of Our Time. Inflatable Plastic Balloon Launched Satellite Today ! NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Elon Musk Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It Looks So Fake" SpaceX Launched - https://rumble.com/v613fsh-elon-musk-said-you-can-tell-its-real-because-it-looks-so-fake-spacex-launch.html Why, in some of the videos of NASA's astronauts in space, are there air bubbles that rise from their suit? The "air bubbles" seen in some videos of NASA's astronauts in space are often not actually air bubbles, but rather water droplets. These droplets can form from sweat, drinking water, or other liquids that may have escaped from the astronaut's suit or equipment. In the microgravity environment of space, these droplets can appear to move in unexpected ways, including rising up from the astronaut's suit due to surface tension and other forces. It's important to note that these droplets do not indicate the presence of air or water in space suits, as space suits are designed to keep astronauts safe in the vacuum of space. What Spy Satellites Can See From Space Section 702 Intelligence Surveillance Act - https://rumble.com/v4yxrt6-what-spy-satellites-can-see-from-space-section-702-intelligence-surveillanc.html US Warrantless Spy Satellites Surveillance Of The American People's Under Section 702 Of The Foreign And Domestic Intelligence Surveillance And Spying Act. ACLU Statement on Congress Passing Bill that Massively Expands the Government’s Power to Spy on Americans Without a Warrant. This bill would reauthorize Section 702 surveillance for two more years without any of the necessary reforms to protect Americans’ civil liberties. How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. So NASA Decades Old Moon Landing Hoax Is When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps on the moon in July 1969, the world was suddenly split into two categories – those who believe the Apollo 11 landings, and those who don’t. We’ll investigate both sides of this debate – in fact 52% of the British public still believe the landings were an elaborate hoax designed to trump Russia in the space race! In this show we’ll search for a definitive answer by recreating the moon landing for ourselves, testing the various competing theories against each other. Featuring interviews with leading experts, conspiracy theorists, archive material and highly detailed reconstructions of the landing, we put this debate to bed once and for all. NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government - https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything... But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model and the view of the solar system. Both models are useful for purposes of history and knowledge. Biblical Flat Earth Exposing a World of Lies, Everything you know is Wrong. “I think that physicists need to be more involved,” he says. “There’s really no excuse for us to just sit back and laugh at them. Because while we’re laughing, they are recruiting people to believe these crazy things.” 81 Government & Affiliate Documents that admit Flat Earth It's A PDF Download. https://www.terre-plate.org/library/CIA%20NASA%20Documents/81%20Government%20_%20Affiliate%20Documents%20that%20admit%20Flat%20Earth-converted.pdf If a scientific conspiracy theory is funny, that doesn’t mean it’s a joke at all. NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax After Mentions Space Is Not Real - https://rumble.com/v3depjq-nasa-admits-apollo-11-moon-landing-is-a-hoax-after-mentions-space-is-not-re.html NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax in 1976 this was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. All files and computer tapes are now missing and launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, 1969. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module with a cabin for the three astronauts, a service module that supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water, and a lunar module that had two stages a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. All three astronauts spent 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, and 35 seconds in space and traveled a total of 953,054 miles. NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax Chinese Spy Balloon - https://rumble.com/v3dgrpn-nasa-admits-rocket-launch-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-chinese-spy-bal.html NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax - https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. The agency absorbed the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. NASA has since sponsored space expeditions, both human and mechanical, that have yielded vital information about the solar system and universe. During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program, with the Mariner program being its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets. NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program Is Faked Yes It's A Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dqlbc-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-1-the-space-program-is-faked-yes-its-a-conspi.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA has successfully launched 166 crewed flights, but three have ended in failure, causing the deaths of seventeen crew members in total: Apollo 1, STS-51-L (the Challenger disaster) killed seven crew members in 1986, and STS-107 (the Columbia disaster) killed seven more in 2003. The accomplishments of Apollo are among humankind's greatest, with six missions landing men on the moon between 1969 and 1972, the only time humans have ventured onto another celestial body. However, the program was marred by NASA's first tragedy on the ground (Apollo 1) and a near tragedy in space (Apollo 13). NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 Bonus Proof Stephen Hawking Is A Fraud Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dssxw-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-2-bonus-proof-stephen-hawking-is-a-fraud-cons.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA Admits To Best Fails And NASA Fraud Compilation Unrefuted Proof Of Wires - https://rumble.com/v3dxnnb-nasa-admits-to-best-fails-and-nasa-fraud-compilation-unrefuted-proof-of-wir.html There's a lot more proof of deception out there, but I wanted to compile the most obvious ones and keep them in one place. I'm discovering that a lot of the original links to such footage are no longer working as they are being deleted. The footage is from space channels, so they aren't just targeting truther channels with the deletion of entire channels. I will post the most up to date links, but some of the originals are gone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories One giant ... lie? Why so many people still think the moon landings were faked. https://drive.proton.me/urls/M2ADCKGT60#i17MPT9u7pOn Real ISS Space Station Maniac Conspiracy Theorists Think It Is Actually Underwater ! - https://rumble.com/v4c47q9-real-iss-space-station-maniac-conspiracy-theorists-think-it-is-actually-und.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission Is Not Real Conspiracy Theorists NASA-SOFIA - https://rumble.com/v4chck3-real-hubble-telescope-repair-mission-is-not-real-conspiracy-theorists-nasa-.html So Is The Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission True Or Is It Not Real ? Embark on an extraordinary journey through the captivating saga of the Under Water Hubble Space Telescope Pool ?, from its ambitious launch to the critical repairs in fake space. Explore the story of a tiny flaw that led to blurred images and the heroic efforts of astronauts to rescue this iconic telescope. It's a remarkable tale of human ingenuity, unwavering perseverance, and the relentless quest to unravel the universe's deepest mysteries. Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think It's Actually NASA-SOFIA Airplane - https://rumble.com/v4cmncu-real-hubble-telescope-conspiracy-theorists-think-its-actually-nasa-sofia-ai.html Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think Why is it that NASA has a plane called SOFIA in the sky with a telescope that can see much more into space than the famously known Hubble? Let’s start with Hubble: The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope (surprise!) in low-Earth orbit, launched into space in 1990 - it is a cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. It has a 2.4-metre mirror and instruments to observe the Universe in the ultraviolet, the optical and the near infrared. Using Hubble astronomers were able to peer into the distant Universe - much further than with any other telescope. Secret Behind Hubble's 100 Incredible Gorgeous Space Photoshop Extraordinary Etc. - https://rumble.com/v4cqa7i-secret-behind-hubbles-100-incredible-gorgeous-space-photoshop-extraordinary.html The Secret Behind All Of NASA's Gorgeous Space Photos Glowing, Whirling, Pinwheeling Wonder That Is The Spiral Galaxy! Bursts of gas & cosmic dust form one of the most iconic forms of Galaxies. Here's a look at a beautiful spiral galaxy, located 30 million light-years away in the constellation From the glossy, high-res photos, you'd think outer space is a diamond-studded smear of billowing clouds, mixing together like slick oil and rain in a swirling gutter with glass shards and flecks of concrete. All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Through My Telescope Moon Landing Was A Hoax U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v4cshlc-all-6-apollo-landing-sites-through-my-telescope-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-u.s.html All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax How They Do It Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v48btzf-evidence-nasa-faked-apollo-moon-landing-hoax-how-they-do-it-complete-video.html Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Is As Big As U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v3e0jrw-sorry-antarctica-were-closed-our-hidden-flat-earth-this-area-is-as-big-as-u.html Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole” According most flat earthers, there’s no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. In their imagination, Antarctica is not a continent, but a long ice wall enclosing the Earth. Without having anything to prove that assumption, they look anywhere for any quote they can mine and stumbled into this quote by Admiral Byrd “Strangely enough, there is left in the world today, an area as big as the United States, that’s never been seen by a human being. And that’s beyond the pole, on the other side of the south pole from Little America.” Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole - https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962 - https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax Man - Excellent Music an Video from Flat Earth Man - https://rumble.com/v29orjq-welcome-to-the-satellite-hoax-man-excellent-music-an-video-from-flat-earth-.html Welcome to the Satellite Hoax is an English language song and is sung by conspiracy music guru. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax, from the album Flat Earth Man, was released in the year 2018. The duration of the song is 5:48. Many of the technologies that we assume are space based, are in reality ground based systems. We've had the ability for a very long time to send messages across vast distances. We are not using space based equipment for the internet, nor for telecommunications, but we do use fiber optic and transatlantic cables, massive RF Towers, and bounce signals off of the atmosphere like with HAM radio signals. Space is fake, satellites are a hoax, and not what we are told they are. Nasa is a fraud of the highest order. Excellent & entertaining video Thoroughly enjoyed this video Question to Flat Earthers If we follow your flat earth model, who has the further distance from Earth the Sun or the Moon? If the Sun is far from Earth than the Moon, will you please explain the Lunar Eclipse phenomenon? If the Moon is far from Earth than the Sun, will you please explain the Solar Eclipse occurrence? If the Sun and the Moon have equal distance from Earth, why they didn’t collide? We can leave such persons to ponder the swirling of the water in their sinks and bathtubs—swirling that reverses direction when we cross the equator. https://samuel-lereah.com/articles/Physics/flat-vs-round-earth According to some UFO conspiracists, the Black Knight is an artificial satellite of extraterrestrial origin that has orbited Earth for approximately 13,000 years. Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth Vs. Black Knight Satellite Vs. Fermi Paradox The Great Debate - https://rumble.com/v3tkujr-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-vs.-black-knight-satellite-vs.-fermi-paradox-the.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth Quran Or Bible Or Waters Above - https://rumble.com/v3nxzhl-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-quran-or-bible-or-waters-ab.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth And Sun Moon Luminaries Part 2 - https://rumble.com/v3o0bk9-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-and-sun-moon-luminaries-par.html Ultimate Field Guide 82 Extraterrestrial Species Iceberg Explained Alleged Alien Races https://rumble.com/v2lb5b8-ultimate-field-guide-82-extraterrestrial-species-iceberg-explained-alleged-.html In the story of the abduction and encounters with alien beings or humanoids in the history of ufology, there are, as reported by the various reports of the various police and military who are interested in the subject, lists of different types of beings who should represent various civilizations do not belong to the human, who were either vengoino still in touch with people on our planet. Taboo Conspiracy Of Nature's True Flat Earth Real Time 40 Schemes From N.A.S.A. https://rumble.com/v2dm0zi-taboo-conspiracy-of-natures-true-flat-earth-real-time-40-schemes-from-n.a.s.html Taboo Conspiracy and Other Video's Removed by ? Those channels have since been silenced by ? the other censor's and Nazis at Alphabet. lot's of people have provides time and time again, the very best proofs of our flat world, tests and experiments that completely debunk the heliocentric fantasy, and is also personally responsible for exposing the fakery in every supposed 24/7 sun in Antarctica video. He has certainly opened hundreds of thousands of people’s eyes to our false reality and for that, I’m proud to share his work here at new world order year zero. Flat Earth 21 Questions And Answers Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth https://rumble.com/v2u3emu-flat-earth-21-questions-and-answers-proving-strangers-guide-and-course-flat.html Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth A comprehensive beginners course that thoroughly explains the answers to 21 of the most frequently asked questions about flat earth. Journey through the list from beginning to end while all the "loose ends" are tied up by the time it's over. Share with you friends, family and loved ones. The #earth is most definitely #flat and it is important for us to understand. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth 8 Ways Life Would Get Weird On A Flat Earth Conspiracy https://rumble.com/v2pu5k6-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-8-ways-life-would-get-weird-on-a-flat-earth-cons.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball What The Hell Happened 200 Times Collection https://rumble.com/v2u2d94-proofs-earth-is-not-a-spinning-ball-what-the-hell-happened-200-times-collec.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball When a photo of spherical Earth is pointed out to flat-earthers, they will dismiss it as CGI in the blink of an eye; even if they haven’t done any analysis at all. They do this because their belief in flat-Earth is not evidence-based, and any evidence contrary to their beliefs needs to be invalidated no matter how. They are so used to doing it, and sometimes they become confused by it themselves, to the point that they would take the slightest hint of digital manipulation of any picture of the Earth as evidence of the flat Earth. Flat Earth 101 Channel - Episode 14 - Eclipse Of Fantasy - (Gerhana Fantasi) https://rumble.com/v2bq47m-flat-earth-101-channel-episode-14-eclipse-of-fantasy-gerhana-fantasi-w0w.html This is the number 1 question? - Flat Earthers hear, why would anyone go through this elaborate hoax? - The powers that be want to hide the truth of our existence at all costs as they do not want to have anyone/anything else in higher power than themselves. The majority of people believe they are descendants. After Atomic World War 3 Is Over Creation Of The Humanoids AI Robots Futura Lives https://rumble.com/v2im0dw-after-atomic-world-war-3-is-over-creation-of-the-humanoids-ai-robots-futura.html What would happen to planet earth if the human race were to suddenly disappear forever? Would ecosystems thrive? What remnants of our industrialized world would survive? What would crumble fastest? Life After People is a television series on which scientists, structural engineers, and other experts speculate about what might become of Earth should humanity instantly disappear. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything. But This Is Very Interesting Evidence. Feb. 28. 2025 Thank You Everyone For Watching.

The Real Cost To Make N.A.S.A. Children's Puppet Show And Send Supplies To The Fake International Space Station (ISS) Is Approximately $9,000 To $18,000 Per Pound. No One Has Left Earth Ever Fake NASA Stranded Astronauts. This high cost is due to the complex and resource-intensive process of launching payloads into orbit. For instance, a 16-ounce bottle of water, which weighs roughly one pound, would cost as much as $18,000 to send into space. There is yes lot's evidence to support the claim that no one has left Earth or that NASA fake astronauts are not stranded in space at all. So in a manner that suggests any form of deception or "tomfoolery." NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore were part of a mission that faced delays due to technical issues but were not stranded in the sense of being abandoned or without means of returning home. They have communicated from the Fake International Space Station (FISS) are really in a swimming pool lab and have stated that they do not feel abandoned or stranded at all is because they are still on earth the whole time at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in Texas U.S.A.. The astronauts arrived at the Fake ISS in June 2024 on a mission intended to last 10 days, but due to technical issues, their return was delayed. SpaceX Crew-10 Docks With International Space Station See All The Highlights In 13 Minutes - https://rumble.com/v6qqxeq-spacex-crew-10-docks-with-international-space-station-see-all-the-highlight.html Despite President Donald Trump's comments suggesting they were stranded, NASA officials and the astronauts themselves have clarified that they were not in a situation where they could not leave the space station. Their return was initially delayed but was eventually set for March 19 or 20, 2025. As of March 28, 2025, they have completed their mission and returned to Earth. NASA astronauts Sunita "Suni" Williams and Barry "Butch" Wilmore are finally back on Earth. The two spent more than eight months on the International Space Station, even though they initially expected to stay for about eight days. The capsule splashed down off the coast of Tallahassee, Florida, on Tuesday afternoon. Parachutes lowered their capsule into the water. A SpaceX recovery ship will bring the capsule on board, and the crew will catch a helicopter back to land. A relief crew docked to the ISS just after midnight ET on Sunday after two days of delays getting off the ground, the first due to a hydraulic system issue with a ground support clamp arm for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, the second due to weather. But on Friday, at 7:03 p.m. ET, Crew-10, consisting of NASA astronauts Anne McClain and Nichole Ayers, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Takuya Onishi, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Kirill Peskov launched on their journey to the ISS. And on Sunday, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft docked at the orbiting complex at 12:04 a.m. ET, while the station was roughly 260 miles over the Atlantic Ocean. At 1:35 a.m. ET, the hatch opened, and the new crew was greeted by the current space station crew, including Williams and Wilmore. Williams and Wilmore traveled 121,347,491 miles during their mission, spent 286 days in space, and completed 4,576 orbits around Earth, NASA reported. Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched Are Photo-Shopped. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States, 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. So We Tried Calling All NASA's SpaceX Crew-10 Astronauts Cell Phones At Launch Location: Kennedy Space Center, Florida. No One Answered The Astronauts Cell Phones... So Next We Tried (Find My Cell Phone App.) Only 3 Astronauts Cell Phone Came Up At The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Located At Houston, Texas. ((So This Part Is Funny To Us)) SpaceX Launch In Florida And 10 Mins Later Astronauts Cell Phones Are In Houston, Texas. Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) is an astronaut training facility operated by NASA and located at the Sonny Carter Training Facility near the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. It features a large indoor pool of water, which astronauts use to perform simulated EVA tasks in preparation for upcoming missions. The pool, measuring 202 ft long, 102 ft wide, and 40 ft deep, holds approximately 6.2 million gallons of water and is split into two sections to allow for simultaneous training sessions. Astronauts wear suits designed to provide neutral buoyancy, simulating the microgravity experienced during spaceflight. Safety divers are present to ensure the safety of the astronauts and assist them in moving from one exercise to the next. The water in the pool is exceptionally clear, with visibility of at least 202 feet. The NBL was established in April 1995 to replace the previous Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF), which was too small to accommodate the larger mock-ups of space station components needed for missions like the International Space Station. In June 2024, NASA awarded a contract to Vertex Aerospace for the operations of the NBL, with a two-year base period starting October 1, 2024, and potential extensions through 2034. The total potential value of the contract is $265.2 million. The NBL is used not only for astronaut training but also for filming documentaries and other projects, as seen in a segment filmed by the Blue World team. Space satellites Satellites are objects, typically spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They serve a variety of purposes including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation (like GPS), broadcasting, scientific research, and Earth observation. Some satellites also have military uses such as reconnaissance, early warning, signals intelligence, and potentially weapon delivery. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States, 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. Satellites can be categorized into two main types: natural satellites, like the Moon orbiting Earth, and artificial satellites, which are man-made and launched into space. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Since then, satellites have become critical for various applications, including internet connectivity and precision agriculture. SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, is the largest commercial operator of satellites, with 358 satellites as of April 2020. The company's mission includes boosting navigation capabilities and supplying the world with space-based internet through its Starlink constellation. NASA also operates numerous satellites, with over a dozen Earth science satellites in orbit, helping to study the oceans, land, and atmosphere. Satellites are essential for modern life, enabling services like GPS and weather forecasts, and they continue to play a crucial role in both civilian and military operations. However, the increasing number of satellites in orbit also raises concerns about space debris and the need to manage this shared resource responsibly. International Space Station Not In Pool Or Is It ? Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Yes The International Space Station (ISS) is located in a swimming pool. The claim that the ISS is in a swimming pool is false or is it real true. The photos showing astronauts working underwater in a large pool are from NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) in Houston, Texas, which is used to train astronauts for spacewalks and other tasks they will perform in space. The NBL is a training facility that simulates microgravity conditions to prepare astronauts for the unique environment of space. It contains 6.2 million US gallons (23 million liters) of water and includes full-scale mock-ups of ISS modules and other training materials. However, the actual ISS orbits Earth at an altitude of about 250 miles (400 kilometers). The NBL is crucial for astronaut training but does not house the real ISS. Astronauts use the NBL to practice tasks they will perform during spacewalks and other missions. SpaceX's Crew-10 mission arrives at International Space Station to relieve Starliner astronauts (video). Crew-10 docked with the station on Sunday (March 16) at 12:04 a.m. ET. SpaceX's Crew-10 astronaut mission has arrived at the International Space Station, ending a 28-hour orbital chase. Crew-10 launched on Friday evening (March 14) atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, sending four astronauts from three different nations toward the orbiting lab. Crew-10's Crew Dragon capsule, named Endurance, caught up with the station early Sunday morning (March 16), docking with its Harmony module at 12:04 a.m. EDT (0404 GMT), while the two spacecraft were flying 260 miles (418 kilometers) above the Atlantic Ocean. "It's such a great honor for us to be part of this program," Crew-10 mission specialist Takuya Onishi of JAXA (the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) said shortly after docking. "We have a lot of exciting work ahead of us that we are looking forward to. Again, thank you very much to everybody who helped us to get here." The hatches between Endurance and the International Space Station (ISS) opened at 1:35 a.m. EDT (0535 GMT), and the Crew-10 astronauts floated aboard the orbiting lab about 10 minutes later. Those new arrivals are Onishi, NASA astronauts Anne McClain and Nichole Ayers, and Kirill Peskov of the Russian space agency Roscosmos. McClain is the Crew-10 commander. Ayers is the pilot, and Onishi and Peskov are mission specialists. The quartet will stay aboard the ISS for about six months, the usual duration for crew rotations. The Crew-10 astronauts will relieve four folks who have been living on the ISS for a while now — NASA's Nick Hague, Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore and Roscosmos' Aleksandr Gorbunov. Hague and Gorbunov arrived at the station in late September, on SpaceX's Crew-9 mission. Williams and Wilmore have been in orbit since early June, when they launched on the first crewed mission of Boeing's Starliner spacecraft. Starliner's mission was supposed to last just 10 days or so, but the capsule suffered thruster problems and was eventually brought home uncrewed in early September. NASA retasked Williams and Wilmore to a long-term ISS mission and took two astronauts off the Crew-9 launch to accommodate them on the way home. Hague, Williams, Wilmroe and Gorbunov will come back to Earth in the Crew-9 Dragon no earlier than Wednesday (March 19), NASA officials said after the Crew-10 launch. So Is It Fake Watch Jeff Bezos Blue Origin's NS-19 Launch And Land From Inside The Capsule - https://rumble.com/v6qn20q-so-is-it-fake-watch-jeff-bezos-blue-origins-ns-19-launch-and-land-from-insi.html Blue Origin NS-19 Orbit Blue Origin NS-19 did not make any orbits around the Earth. It was a suborbital flight, which means it reached space but did not achieve orbit. The New Shepard vehicle carried six passengers to the edge of space and returned safely to Earth under parachutes. The flight was notable for being the first time Blue Origin launched six passengers at once. Blue Origin NS-19 Launch and Land Blue Origin's NS-19 launch and landing took place on December 11, 2021. The mission launched at 9:45 a.m. EST (1445 GMT) and carried six people, including Good Morning America anchor Michael Strahan, to suborbital space. The flight lasted for 11 minutes, with the capsule landing under parachutes shortly after the rocket booster returned to a safe upright landing. Blue Origin began its live coverage at 8:15 a.m. EST (1215 GMT) and you can watch the archived footage on their website or through Space.com. No One Has Left Earth Ever Seven Rockets Hit The Firmament Or Water Dome Above The Earth - https://rumble.com/v6qfkei-no-one-has-left-earth-ever-seven-rockets-hit-the-firmament-or-water-dome-ab.html International Space Station Floats Astronauts float inside the International Space Station (ISS) not because there is no gravity in space, but because the ISS and the astronauts inside are in a continuous free-fall around Earth. This creates an environment similar to zero gravity, where objects, including astronauts, behave as if they are weightless. Despite being about 90% as strong as it is on Earth's surface, the force of Earth's gravity still acts on the ISS. However, since both the ISS and the astronauts are falling towards Earth at the same rate as they orbit, they experience a sensation of weightlessness. This phenomenon is also known as microgravity, where objects inside the ISS float or move uniformly as if no gravitational force acts on them. ISS Space Stanton Height The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 250 miles (402 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. Gravity at 50 Miles Up The force of gravity at 50 miles (approximately 80 kilometers) above the Earth's surface is only slightly less than at the Earth's surface. Specifically, the gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance from the center of the Earth, meaning that at 50 miles above the surface, the force of gravity is only about 3 percent less than on the surface of the Earth. This reduction in gravity is due to the increased distance from the Earth's center. The exact calculation involves the gravitational force formula, which shows that the force of gravity decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Hubble Space Telescope Height The Hubble Space Telescope orbits approximately 320 miles (515 km) above Earth's surface. It is in a low Earth orbit, which allows for servicing missions but also means it passes through Earth's shadow for about 25 minutes per orbit, during which time it relies on batteries to power its operations. Earth Gravity at 320 Miles At a distance of 320 km (approximately 200 miles) above the Earth's surface, the value of acceleration due to gravity is lower than its value on the surface of the Earth. Specifically, the acceleration due to gravity decreases like one divided by the square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Given that the radius of the Earth is about 6,400 km, the distance from the center of the Earth to an object at 320 km above the surface is 6,720 km. This means the distance from the center of the Earth to the object is 1.05 times larger than the distance from the center of the Earth to the surface. Therefore, the square of the distance is 1.1025 times larger, and the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 11.25% smaller at this altitude than it is at the Earth's surface. Thus, at 320 km above the Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity is roughly 88.75% of its value on the surface. True Science Flat Earth Today So Are Conspiracies About The Earth So Is It True Or Is It A Lies - https://rumble.com/v6qex3o-true-science-flat-earth-today-so-are-conspiracies-about-the-earth-so-is-it-.html Temperature in Space 250 Miles Up Space at 250 miles above Earth's surface is not hot or cold in the traditional sense because it is a vacuum and lacks air molecules to transfer heat. However, the temperature can be described based on the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), which is about 2.73 Kelvin (-270.42 Celsius, -454.75 Fahrenheit). In the vicinity of Earth, temperatures can vary dramatically. For example, the sun-facing side of the International Space Station (ISS) can reach about 121°C (250°F), while the dark side can drop to -157°C (-250°F). These extreme temperature fluctuations are managed by the thermal conditioning systems on board spacecraft like the ISS. How U.S.A. False Moon Landing Space And Psyops Gone Wild NASA Moon & Mars Landing Hoaxes - https://rumble.com/v6qdx3w-how-u.s.a.-false-moon-landing-space-and-psyops-gone-wild-nasa-moon-and-mars.html Blue Origin New Shepard-18 Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission was the second crewed flight of the New Shepard spacecraft. It launched on October 13, 2021, from Corn Ranch, also known as Launch Site One, located in West Texas. The mission carried four passengers: William Shatner, Chris Boshuizen, Glen de Vries, and Audrey Powers. William Shatner, at 90 years old, became the oldest person to fly into space on this mission. The New Shepard vehicle used for this flight was the fourth iteration of the booster and the capsule named RSS First Step, both of which had flown on previous missions including NS-14, NS-15, and NS-16 earlier in the year. The New Shepard system is designed for operational reusability and minimal maintenance between flights, with nearly 99% of the system's dry mass being reused. Shatner was a guest of Blue Origin and did not have to pay for the trip, while the other passengers were paying customers. The booster landed successfully eight minutes after launch. It's worth noting that Ed Dwight later surpassed Shatner's record of being the oldest person to fly into space when he flew as a space tourist on Blue Origin's suborbital flight on May 19, 2024, at the age of 90 years and 253 days. The claim that no one has ever left Earth's atmosphere is based on a redefinition of the boundaries of Earth's atmosphere. Elon Musk And Donald Trump Are Lying To American People NASA Moon & Mars Landing Hoaxes - https://rumble.com/v6qck60-elon-musk-and-donald-trump-are-lying-to-american-people-nasa-moon-and-mars-.html According to a study published in 2019, the Earth's geocorona, an outer layer of the atmosphere composed mainly of hydrogen, extends much farther than previously thought, reaching beyond the moon's orbit. This means that even when astronauts were on the moon, they were technically still within Earth's atmosphere. However, it's important to note that this redefinition does not imply that humans have not left Earth's gravitational influence. The moon is well within Earth's gravitational field, and astronauts have indeed traveled beyond low Earth orbit. The Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometers, is commonly used as the boundary of space, and many spacecraft and astronauts have crossed this line. In summary, while the geocorona extends far beyond the moon, humans have traveled beyond Earth's atmosphere and gravitational influence in the sense that they have left low Earth orbit and traveled to the moon and beyond. Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Celsius Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a unit of measurement for temperature. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. In 1948, the 9th CGPM and the CIPM formally adopted "degree Celsius". Fahrenheit : Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) is a unit of measurement for temperature. In most countries during the mid to late 20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale. However, it remains the official scale of the United States, Cayman Islands and Belize. So The Melting Points of Metals Like A Satellite Hoax or A Tesla Electric Vehicles? Metals are known for their ability to withstand extreme conditions. Heavy loads, nonstop cycling, high impact, caustic environments and even high temperatures. Furnaces, combustion engines, jet engines, ignition nozzles, high-speed machinery, and exhaust systems are consistently subjected to temperatures that can cause certain metal types to melt. When selecting a metal for a high temperature application, several different temperature points need to be evaluated, and one of the most critical temperatures to know is the melting temperature of the metal. What is the Melting Temperature of Metals? A metal’s melting temperature, more scientifically known as the melting point, is the temperature that a metal begins to transform from a solid phase into a liquid phase. At the melting temperature, the solid phase and liquid phase of a metal exist in equilibrium. Once this temperature is achieved, heat can be continuously added to the metal, however this will not raise the overall temperature. Once the metal is completely in the liquid phase, additional heat will again continue to raise the temperature of the metal. Why is the Metal Melting Temperature Important? There are many important temperatures that a metal reaches as it is heated through either a metalworking process or as a result of the application, but the melting temperature of a metal is one of the most important. One reason the melting temperature is so important is because of the component failure that can occur once a metal reaches its melting temperature. Metal failure may happen before the melting point, but when a metal reaches its melting temperature and begins to become a liquid, it will no longer serve its intended purpose. For instance, if a furnace component begins to melt, the furnace will no longer function if the component is important enough. If a jet engine fuel nozzle melts, the orifices will clog and may render the engine useless. It is important to note that other types of metal failure such as creep-induced fractures may occur well before the melting temperature is reached, and research needs to be done beforehand on the effect of the various temperatures to which a metal will be subjected. Another reason why the melting temperature of a metal is so important is that metals are most formable when they are liquid. Metals are heated to their melting temperatures for many different manufacturing processes. Smelting, fusion welding, and casting all require metals to be liquids in order to be performed. When performing a manufacturing process where the metal is going to be melted, it is important to know the temperature at which that will happen so that the appropriate materials for the equipment being used can be selected. For instance, a welding gun must be able to withstand the ambient heat of an electrical arc and molten metal. Casting equipment such as dies must have a higher melting temperature than the metal being cast. Melting Temperatures of Common Metals These are the melting temperatures of common metal types: Aluminum: 660°C (1220°F) Brass: 930°C (1710°F) Aluminum Bronze*: 1027-1038°C (1881-1900°F) Chromium: 1860°C (3380°F) Copper: 1084°C (1983°F) Gold: 1063°C (1945°F) Inconel*: 1390-1425°C (2540-2600°F) Cast Iron: 1204°C (2200°F) Lead: 328°C (622°F) Molybdenum: 2620°C (4748°F) Nickel: 1453°C (2647°F) Platinum: 1770°C (3218°F) Silver: 961°C (1762°F) Carbon Steel*: 1425-1540°C (2597-2800°F) Stainless Steel*: 1375 – 1530°C (2500-2785°F) Titanium: 1670°C (3038°F) Tungsten: 3400°C (6152°F) Zinc: 420°C (787°F) *Alloys have more than one element, therefore their melting temperature is a range that is dependent on the alloy composition. Earth's Atmospheric Layers is Troposphere The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles). This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region. Stratosphere The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer. Mesosphere The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer Thermosphere The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372 miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer. Ionosphere The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere. This dynamic region grows and shrinks based on solar conditions and divides further into the sub-regions: D, E and F; based on what wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed. The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions. This region is what makes radio communications possible. Exosphere This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. Blue Origin New Shepard Flight Duration Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission, also known as NS-18, successfully launched on October 13, 2021, at 14:49. The flight carried four passengers, including actor William Shatner, who flew as a guest of Blue Origin. The rocket reached an apogee of 106.926 km, while the capsule reached 107.041 km above Earth's surface. The total flight time for New Shepard from takeoff to landing is approximately 10 minutes, with the passengers experiencing weightlessness for about three minutes. The time spent above 100 km, which is considered the boundary of space, is about 1 minute and 9 seconds. If the earth is spinning at 1000 miles per hour, how does a plane take you to a certain destination if it's traveling the same way of the earth’s rotation? In other words, how does the plane "catch up"? The other answers have pretty much covered the basics that everything within the atmosphere is moving at the same speed as the Earth itself. So it doesn’t matter which direction an aircraft flies, its speed is only relative to the earth and the Earth’s rotation doesn’t effect it at all other than the effect that winds have. But there is one thing that people, and this question, seem to get wrong. The Earth spins at slightly over 1000 mph only AT the Equator. As you move North or South the speed the Earth spins at decreases until you reach the poles where essentially you spin around essentially at zero mph. How does that work? There is a device that used to be very popular called a “Record Player.” Imagine that the Earth’s Northern or Southern Hemisphere is flattened like a record. The outside circumference is analogous to the Equator and the center is analogous to a Pole. When the record spins the circumference moves further and faster than any spot between the circumference and the center post. One full rotation of the record is equal to the length of the circumference while the distance travelled by the outside of the purple label in the picture above is substantially less. The Earth is exactly the same. I'm not usually one for simple answers, but I'm going to give it a try. The earth is like a basketball covered in a thick layer of molasses. Our atmosphere sticks to the surface of the earth like molasses to the basketball — not because of it's stickiness, but because of gravity. Gravity is a binding force that is associated with the massive density of the earth, which holds all things, living or dead, to that surface. People, cars, water, and even aircraft are stuck inside that molasses. Wherever it goes, we go. Even if we are floating of the surface of the ball, flying in an airplane, we're still in the molasses. But here's the thing. Because the molasses moves with us, we sense no apparent motion of the ball. There's no 1000 mph wind in our face. If we want to move forward, we only need to swim forward in the molasses. The same with backwards. The molasses will resist our motion whichever way we go, the same way air does in our face, so we can only move slowly,. But it does not matter if we move with the rotation of the ball or against it. We move with the molasses, which moves with the ball. So there is no need to “catch up". We're already moving with the atmosphere, and with the earth, which are all moving at the same rotational speed as one system We just need to move within that system to travel to our destination. We are buried deep in the molasses. All that matters is our relative movement within the molasses. The Earth indeed spins at approximately 1,000 miles per hour at the equator, but the way planes travel in relation to the Earth's rotation is a bit different than it might seem at first. Key Points to Understand: Relative Motion: The airplane is moving through the atmosphere, which is also rotating with the Earth. When a plane takes off, it doesn't need to "catch up" to a stationary point on the ground; it is already moving with the Earth’s rotation. Air Movement: The atmosphere is generally in motion as well. While the Earth spins, the air moves with it due to friction between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This means that, at cruising altitude, the plane is flying through air that is also moving with the Earth's rotation. Flight Paths: Airplanes follow specific flight paths that are influenced by wind patterns and weather conditions. For example, if a plane is flying west, it is traveling against the Earth's rotation, but it is still moving forward relative to the ground. Conversely, if it is flying east, it may benefit from tailwinds that help it travel faster relative to the ground. Time Zones and Travel: The Earth's rotation affects time zones, which is why flights that travel eastward (in the direction of the rotation) can sometimes take less time than the same distance traveled westward due to prevailing winds and the rotation of the Earth. Example: If a plane takes off from a point on Earth and is flying east at a speed of 500 miles per hour, it is flying in the direction of the Earth's rotation. The ground beneath it is also moving east at about 1,000 miles per hour, but the plane's speed relative to the ground is still 500 miles per hour. The plane may be slower than the ground speed, but it is still making progress toward its destination. Conclusion: In summary, planes do not need to "catch up" to the Earth's rotation because they are already part of the rotating system. Their speed relative to the ground is what matters for reaching a destination, and they navigate through the atmosphere, which moves along with the Earth. The plane doesn’t need to catch up. The plane, along with everything else on Earth, was already moving at 1000 mph (relative to an outside observer not on Earth) before it took off, and it retains that motion once its in the air. This is why an aircraft like a helicopter can’t take off and “hover” while Earth rotates beneath it. For this to be possible, the atmosphere would have to not be rotating along with the solid portion of the Earth. But we know that it is, because it would be ridiculous if it weren’t. There would be a constant 1000 mph westward wind threatening to blow everything away the minute it wasn’t firmly anchored to the ground. I have never observed this. Have you? Let’s take the hypothetical (and stupid) scenario of ground motion and air motion not being coupled together, and consider it from two different reference frames: Frame of reference of observers in air/helicopter Helicopter takes off and maintains itself as stationary relative to the air. The ground rotates underneath it, so that points that were westward of where the helicopter started, eventually end up directly under it. Frame of reference of observers on the ground The helicopter takes off and is immediately blown away westward by the constant 1000 mph wind. Again, I have never seen this occurring, because all components of Earth are rotating together, so their motion relative to each other is 0 mph. To elaborate: the motion of landed planes, and people, and the atmosphere, and everything else that is part of Earth, is 0 mph relative to Earth’s surface. Their motions are only 1000 mph relative to an external observer who is not rotating along with Earth. The Earth DOES NOT spin at 1,000mph. It spins at 15 DEGREES per hour, or roughly half the rotational velocity of the hour hand of a 12 hour clock. This is a distinction lost on flat Earth trolls. At the Equator, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 1037mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At 60 degrees North or 60 degrees South latitude, this equates to a tangential speed of shy of 500mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At the North or South Poles, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 0mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. As to why you don’t hop and land two seconds later a few hundred yards from where you started: you share the same inertial frame of reference as the Earth and the surrounding space out past the heliopause (roughly 10 billion miles). To move within an inertial frame of reference you have to expend energy. If you jump up, in layman’s terms gravity pulls you right back down. Yes NASA & Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. So Elon Musk and Donald Trump have been accused of spreading misinformation regarding NASA's operations and missions. Specifically, they have made claims about NASA astronauts being "stranded" on the International Space Station (ISS), which NASA and the astronauts themselves have refuted. According to NASA, the astronauts were not stranded but were part of a mission that required careful planning and safety assessments before returning to Earth. Regarding NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon, Musk has criticized the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket as "outrageously expensive" and a "distraction," advocating instead for a direct mission to Mars. Trump's administration has also shown a preference for Mars exploration over the moon, as indicated by the removal of a lunar rock sample from the Oval Office and the focus on Mars in Trump's inaugural address. The true claims about NASA's moon and Mars landing hoaxes are supported by evidence. NASA's plans and progress are subject to rigorous oversight and public scrutiny, and the agency continues to work on both the Artemis program and Mars exploration initiatives. In summary, while Musk and Trump have made statements that some consider misleading, the official stance of NASA and the astronauts involved does not support the claims of astronauts being stranded or NASA engaging in hoaxes regarding its missions. Is The Earth Actually Flat ? Open Your Mind Now ! Yes Elon Musk & NASA Are Lying To You - https://rumble.com/v637epz-is-the-earth-actually-flat-open-your-mind-now-yes-elon-musk-and-nasa-are-ly.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. Elon Musk SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax & Greatest Deception Of Our Time - https://rumble.com/v639ol2-elon-musk-spacex-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-and-greatest-deception-o.html So Elon Musk Said SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax ? & NASA Greatest Real Deception Of Our Time. Inflatable Plastic Balloon Launched Satellite Today ! NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Elon Musk Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It Looks So Fake" SpaceX Launched - https://rumble.com/v613fsh-elon-musk-said-you-can-tell-its-real-because-it-looks-so-fake-spacex-launch.html Why, in some of the videos of NASA's astronauts in space, are there air bubbles that rise from their suit? The "air bubbles" seen in some videos of NASA's astronauts in space are often not actually air bubbles, but rather water droplets. These droplets can form from sweat, drinking water, or other liquids that may have escaped from the astronaut's suit or equipment. In the microgravity environment of space, these droplets can appear to move in unexpected ways, including rising up from the astronaut's suit due to surface tension and other forces. It's important to note that these droplets do not indicate the presence of air or water in space suits, as space suits are designed to keep astronauts safe in the vacuum of space. What Spy Satellites Can See From Space Section 702 Intelligence Surveillance Act - https://rumble.com/v4yxrt6-what-spy-satellites-can-see-from-space-section-702-intelligence-surveillanc.html US Warrantless Spy Satellites Surveillance Of The American People's Under Section 702 Of The Foreign And Domestic Intelligence Surveillance And Spying Act. ACLU Statement on Congress Passing Bill that Massively Expands the Government’s Power to Spy on Americans Without a Warrant. This bill would reauthorize Section 702 surveillance for two more years without any of the necessary reforms to protect Americans’ civil liberties. How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. So NASA Decades Old Moon Landing Hoax Is When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps on the moon in July 1969, the world was suddenly split into two categories – those who believe the Apollo 11 landings, and those who don’t. We’ll investigate both sides of this debate – in fact 52% of the British public still believe the landings were an elaborate hoax designed to trump Russia in the space race! In this show we’ll search for a definitive answer by recreating the moon landing for ourselves, testing the various competing theories against each other. Featuring interviews with leading experts, conspiracy theorists, archive material and highly detailed reconstructions of the landing, we put this debate to bed once and for all. NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government - https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything... But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model and the view of the solar system. Both models are useful for purposes of history and knowledge. Biblical Flat Earth Exposing a World of Lies, Everything you know is Wrong. “I think that physicists need to be more involved,” he says. “There’s really no excuse for us to just sit back and laugh at them. Because while we’re laughing, they are recruiting people to believe these crazy things.” 81 Government & Affiliate Documents that admit Flat Earth It's A PDF Download. https://www.terre-plate.org/library/CIA%20NASA%20Documents/81%20Government%20_%20Affiliate%20Documents%20that%20admit%20Flat%20Earth-converted.pdf If a scientific conspiracy theory is funny, that doesn’t mean it’s a joke at all. NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax After Mentions Space Is Not Real - https://rumble.com/v3depjq-nasa-admits-apollo-11-moon-landing-is-a-hoax-after-mentions-space-is-not-re.html NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax in 1976 this was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. All files and computer tapes are now missing and launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, 1969. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module with a cabin for the three astronauts, a service module that supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water, and a lunar module that had two stages a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. All three astronauts spent 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, and 35 seconds in space and traveled a total of 953,054 miles. NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax Chinese Spy Balloon - https://rumble.com/v3dgrpn-nasa-admits-rocket-launch-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-chinese-spy-bal.html NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax - https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. The agency absorbed the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. NASA has since sponsored space expeditions, both human and mechanical, that have yielded vital information about the solar system and universe. During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program, with the Mariner program being its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets. NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program Is Faked Yes It's A Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dqlbc-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-1-the-space-program-is-faked-yes-its-a-conspi.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA has successfully launched 166 crewed flights, but three have ended in failure, causing the deaths of seventeen crew members in total: Apollo 1, STS-51-L (the Challenger disaster) killed seven crew members in 1986, and STS-107 (the Columbia disaster) killed seven more in 2003. The accomplishments of Apollo are among humankind's greatest, with six missions landing men on the moon between 1969 and 1972, the only time humans have ventured onto another celestial body. However, the program was marred by NASA's first tragedy on the ground (Apollo 1) and a near tragedy in space (Apollo 13). NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 Bonus Proof Stephen Hawking Is A Fraud Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dssxw-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-2-bonus-proof-stephen-hawking-is-a-fraud-cons.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA Admits To Best Fails And NASA Fraud Compilation Unrefuted Proof Of Wires - https://rumble.com/v3dxnnb-nasa-admits-to-best-fails-and-nasa-fraud-compilation-unrefuted-proof-of-wir.html There's a lot more proof of deception out there, but I wanted to compile the most obvious ones and keep them in one place. I'm discovering that a lot of the original links to such footage are no longer working as they are being deleted. The footage is from space channels, so they aren't just targeting truther channels with the deletion of entire channels. I will post the most up to date links, but some of the originals are gone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories One giant ... lie? Why so many people still think the moon landings were faked. https://drive.proton.me/urls/M2ADCKGT60#i17MPT9u7pOn Real ISS Space Station Maniac Conspiracy Theorists Think It Is Actually Underwater ! - https://rumble.com/v4c47q9-real-iss-space-station-maniac-conspiracy-theorists-think-it-is-actually-und.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission Is Not Real Conspiracy Theorists NASA-SOFIA - https://rumble.com/v4chck3-real-hubble-telescope-repair-mission-is-not-real-conspiracy-theorists-nasa-.html So Is The Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission True Or Is It Not Real ? Embark on an extraordinary journey through the captivating saga of the Under Water Hubble Space Telescope Pool ?, from its ambitious launch to the critical repairs in fake space. Explore the story of a tiny flaw that led to blurred images and the heroic efforts of astronauts to rescue this iconic telescope. It's a remarkable tale of human ingenuity, unwavering perseverance, and the relentless quest to unravel the universe's deepest mysteries. Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think It's Actually NASA-SOFIA Airplane - https://rumble.com/v4cmncu-real-hubble-telescope-conspiracy-theorists-think-its-actually-nasa-sofia-ai.html Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think Why is it that NASA has a plane called SOFIA in the sky with a telescope that can see much more into space than the famously known Hubble? Let’s start with Hubble: The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope (surprise!) in low-Earth orbit, launched into space in 1990 - it is a cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. It has a 2.4-metre mirror and instruments to observe the Universe in the ultraviolet, the optical and the near infrared. Using Hubble astronomers were able to peer into the distant Universe - much further than with any other telescope. Secret Behind Hubble's 100 Incredible Gorgeous Space Photoshop Extraordinary Etc. - https://rumble.com/v4cqa7i-secret-behind-hubbles-100-incredible-gorgeous-space-photoshop-extraordinary.html The Secret Behind All Of NASA's Gorgeous Space Photos Glowing, Whirling, Pinwheeling Wonder That Is The Spiral Galaxy! Bursts of gas & cosmic dust form one of the most iconic forms of Galaxies. Here's a look at a beautiful spiral galaxy, located 30 million light-years away in the constellation From the glossy, high-res photos, you'd think outer space is a diamond-studded smear of billowing clouds, mixing together like slick oil and rain in a swirling gutter with glass shards and flecks of concrete. All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Through My Telescope Moon Landing Was A Hoax U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v4cshlc-all-6-apollo-landing-sites-through-my-telescope-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-u.s.html All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax How They Do It Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v48btzf-evidence-nasa-faked-apollo-moon-landing-hoax-how-they-do-it-complete-video.html Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Is As Big As U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v3e0jrw-sorry-antarctica-were-closed-our-hidden-flat-earth-this-area-is-as-big-as-u.html Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole” According most flat earthers, there’s no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. In their imagination, Antarctica is not a continent, but a long ice wall enclosing the Earth. Without having anything to prove that assumption, they look anywhere for any quote they can mine and stumbled into this quote by Admiral Byrd “Strangely enough, there is left in the world today, an area as big as the United States, that’s never been seen by a human being. And that’s beyond the pole, on the other side of the south pole from Little America.” Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole - https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962 - https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax Man - Excellent Music an Video from Flat Earth Man - https://rumble.com/v29orjq-welcome-to-the-satellite-hoax-man-excellent-music-an-video-from-flat-earth-.html Welcome to the Satellite Hoax is an English language song and is sung by conspiracy music guru. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax, from the album Flat Earth Man, was released in the year 2018. The duration of the song is 5:48. Many of the technologies that we assume are space based, are in reality ground based systems. We've had the ability for a very long time to send messages across vast distances. We are not using space based equipment for the internet, nor for telecommunications, but we do use fiber optic and transatlantic cables, massive RF Towers, and bounce signals off of the atmosphere like with HAM radio signals. Space is fake, satellites are a hoax, and not what we are told they are. Nasa is a fraud of the highest order. Excellent & entertaining video Thoroughly enjoyed this video Question to Flat Earthers If we follow your flat earth model, who has the further distance from Earth the Sun or the Moon? If the Sun is far from Earth than the Moon, will you please explain the Lunar Eclipse phenomenon? If the Moon is far from Earth than the Sun, will you please explain the Solar Eclipse occurrence? If the Sun and the Moon have equal distance from Earth, why they didn’t collide? We can leave such persons to ponder the swirling of the water in their sinks and bathtubs—swirling that reverses direction when we cross the equator. https://samuel-lereah.com/articles/Physics/flat-vs-round-earth According to some UFO conspiracists, the Black Knight is an artificial satellite of extraterrestrial origin that has orbited Earth for approximately 13,000 years. Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth Vs. Black Knight Satellite Vs. Fermi Paradox The Great Debate - https://rumble.com/v3tkujr-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-vs.-black-knight-satellite-vs.-fermi-paradox-the.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth Quran Or Bible Or Waters Above - https://rumble.com/v3nxzhl-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-quran-or-bible-or-waters-ab.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth And Sun Moon Luminaries Part 2 - https://rumble.com/v3o0bk9-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-and-sun-moon-luminaries-par.html Ultimate Field Guide 82 Extraterrestrial Species Iceberg Explained Alleged Alien Races https://rumble.com/v2lb5b8-ultimate-field-guide-82-extraterrestrial-species-iceberg-explained-alleged-.html In the story of the abduction and encounters with alien beings or humanoids in the history of ufology, there are, as reported by the various reports of the various police and military who are interested in the subject, lists of different types of beings who should represent various civilizations do not belong to the human, who were either vengoino still in touch with people on our planet. Taboo Conspiracy Of Nature's True Flat Earth Real Time 40 Schemes From N.A.S.A. https://rumble.com/v2dm0zi-taboo-conspiracy-of-natures-true-flat-earth-real-time-40-schemes-from-n.a.s.html Taboo Conspiracy and Other Video's Removed by ? Those channels have since been silenced by ? the other censor's and Nazis at Alphabet. lot's of people have provides time and time again, the very best proofs of our flat world, tests and experiments that completely debunk the heliocentric fantasy, and is also personally responsible for exposing the fakery in every supposed 24/7 sun in Antarctica video. He has certainly opened hundreds of thousands of people’s eyes to our false reality and for that, I’m proud to share his work here at new world order year zero. Flat Earth 21 Questions And Answers Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth https://rumble.com/v2u3emu-flat-earth-21-questions-and-answers-proving-strangers-guide-and-course-flat.html Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth A comprehensive beginners course that thoroughly explains the answers to 21 of the most frequently asked questions about flat earth. Journey through the list from beginning to end while all the "loose ends" are tied up by the time it's over. Share with you friends, family and loved ones. The #earth is most definitely #flat and it is important for us to understand. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth 8 Ways Life Would Get Weird On A Flat Earth Conspiracy https://rumble.com/v2pu5k6-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-8-ways-life-would-get-weird-on-a-flat-earth-cons.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball What The Hell Happened 200 Times Collection https://rumble.com/v2u2d94-proofs-earth-is-not-a-spinning-ball-what-the-hell-happened-200-times-collec.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball When a photo of spherical Earth is pointed out to flat-earthers, they will dismiss it as CGI in the blink of an eye; even if they haven’t done any analysis at all. They do this because their belief in flat-Earth is not evidence-based, and any evidence contrary to their beliefs needs to be invalidated no matter how. They are so used to doing it, and sometimes they become confused by it themselves, to the point that they would take the slightest hint of digital manipulation of any picture of the Earth as evidence of the flat Earth. Flat Earth 101 Channel - Episode 14 - Eclipse Of Fantasy - (Gerhana Fantasi) https://rumble.com/v2bq47m-flat-earth-101-channel-episode-14-eclipse-of-fantasy-gerhana-fantasi-w0w.html This is the number 1 question? - Flat Earthers hear, why would anyone go through this elaborate hoax? - The powers that be want to hide the truth of our existence at all costs as they do not want to have anyone/anything else in higher power than themselves. The majority of people believe they are descendants. After Atomic World War 3 Is Over Creation Of The Humanoids AI Robots Futura Lives https://rumble.com/v2im0dw-after-atomic-world-war-3-is-over-creation-of-the-humanoids-ai-robots-futura.html What would happen to planet earth if the human race were to suddenly disappear forever? Would ecosystems thrive? What remnants of our industrialized world would survive? What would crumble fastest? Life After People is a television series on which scientists, structural engineers, and other experts speculate about what might become of Earth should humanity instantly disappear. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything. But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model.

This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Mercator's map from 1595 showing the Arctic continent, with the "Rupes nigra et altissima" ('black and highest rock') at its centre. The Rock is the site of the North Pole, captioned as the POLVS ARCTICVS. Gerardus Mercator's world map of 1569 reflects his reading of Cnoyen's Itinerarium. It also features a marginal note alluding to the Franciscan's "discovery", "we have taken [the Arctic geography] from the Itinerium of Jacobus Cnoyen of the Hague, who makes some citations from the Gesta of Arthur of Britain; however, the greater and most important part he learned from a certain priest at the court of the king of Norway in 1364. He was descended in the fifth generation from those whom Arthur had sent to inhabit these lands, and he related that in the year 1360 a certain Minorite, an Englishman from Oxford, a mathematician, went to those islands; leaving them, advanced still farther by magic arts and mapped out all and measured them by an astrolabe in practically the subjoined figure, as we have learned from Jacobus.The four canals there pictured he said flow with such current to the inner whirlpool, that if vessels once enter they cannot be driven back by wind." The Arctic map inset on Mercator's 1569 world map was the prototype for the influential and widely circulated Septentrionalium Terrarum of 1595, posthumously published by his son, and the maps in Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of 1570. Both show the same configuration of the arctic regions as the 1569 map. In his letter to Dee, Mercator further quotes Cnoyen's description of the Northern regions: "...In the midst of the four countries is a Whirlpool into which there empty these four Indrawing Seas which divides the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is 4 degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic stone. And is as high as the clouds, so the Priest said, who had received the astrolabe from this Minorite in exchange for a Testament. And the Minorite himself had heard that one can see all round it from the Sea, and that it is black and glistening. And nothing grows thereon, for there is not so much as a handful of soil on it." More interesting to modern researchers are the people the friar encountered, "pygmies" who may well be identical with the Skrælings referred to in old Norse texts about Greenland, predecessors of the modern Inuit. The John Day letter In 1956 a letter referring to the existence of the book was found in the Archivo General de Simancas (Spain) from the English merchant John Day to "The Most Magnificent And Most Worthy Lord - The Lord Grand Admiral" (presumably Christopher Columbus). written in either December 1497 or January 1498, John Day says, "Your Lordship's servant brought me your letter. I have seen its contents and I would be most desirous and most happy to serve you. I do not find the book Inventio Fortunata, and I thought that I (or he) was bringing it with my things, and I am very sorry not [to] find it because I wanted very much to serve you. I am sending the other book of Marco Polo and a copy of the land which has been found [by John Cabot]… The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock"), a phantom island, is believed to be a 33-mile-wide black rock (Mercator actually describes the rock's circumference as 33 "French" miles) located at the Magnetic North Pole or at the North Pole itself.It purportedly explains why all compasses point to this location.comes from a lost work titled Inventio Fortunata, and the island features on maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including those of Gerardus Mercator and his successors.Mercator describes the island in a 1577 letter to John Dee: In the midst of the four countries is a Whirl-pool, into which there are empty these four indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the Earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is four degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare Rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic Stone [Jacobus Cnoyen] years ago. Gerard Mercator (March 5, 1512 - December 2, 1594) is a seminal figure in the history of cartography. Mercator was born near Antwerp as Gerard de Cremere in Rupelmonde. He studied Latin, mathematics, and religion in Rupelmonde before his Uncle, Gisbert, a priest, arranged for him to be sent to Hertogenbosch to study under the Brothers of the Common Life. There he was taught by the celebrated Dutch humanist Georgius Macropedius (Joris van Lanckvelt; April 1487 - July 1558). It was there that he changed him name, adapting the Latin term for 'Merchant', that is 'Mercator'. He went on to study at the University of Louvain. After some time, he left Louvain to travel extensively, but returned in 1534 to study mathematics under Gemma Frisius (1508 - 1555). He produced his first world map in 1538 - notable as being the first to represent North America stretching from the Arctic to the southern polar regions. This impressive work earned him the patronage of the Emperor Charles V, for whom along with Van der Heyden and Gemma Frisius, he constructed a terrestrial globe. He then produced an important 1541 globe - the first to offer rhumb lines. Despite growing fame and imperial patronage, Mercator was accused of heresy and in 1552. His accusations were partially due to his Protestant faith, and partly due to his travels, which aroused suspicion. After being released from prison with the support of the University of Louvain, he resumed his cartographic work. It was during this period that he became a close fried to English polymath John Dee (1527 - 1609), who arrived in Louvain in 1548, and with whom Mercator maintained a lifelong correspondence. In 1552, Mercator set himself up as a cartographer in Duisburg and began work on his revised edition of Ptolemy'sGeographia. He also taught mathematics in Duisburg from 1559 to 1562. In 1564, he became the Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve. During this period, he began to perfect the novel projection for which he is best remembered. The 'Mercator Projection' was first used in 1569 for a massive world map on 18 sheets. On May 5, 1590 Mercator had a stroke which left him paralyzed on his left side. He slowly recovered but suffered frustration at his inability to continue making maps. By 1592, he recovered enough that he was able to work again but by that time he was losing his vision. He had a second stroke near the end of 1593, after which he briefly lost speech. He recovered some power of speech before a third stroke marked his end. Following Mercator's death his descendants, particularly his youngest son Rumold (1541 - December 31, 1599) completed many of his maps and in 1595, published hisAtlas. Nonetheless, lacking their father's drive and genius, the firm but languished under heavy competition from Abraham Ortelius. It was not until Mercator's plates were purchased and republished (Mercator / Hondius) by Henricus Hondius II (1597 - 1651) and Jan Jansson (1588 - 1664) that his position as the preeminent cartographer of the age was re-established. Jodocus Hondius (October, 14 1563 - February 12, 1612) was an important Dutch cartographer active in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His common name, Jodocus Hondius is actually a Latinized version of his Dutch name, Joost de Hondt. He is also sometimes referred to as Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his sons. Hondius was a Flemish artist, engraver, and cartographer. He is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. Hondius was born and raised in Ghent. In his early years he established himself as an engraver, instrument maker and globe maker. In 1584 he moved to London to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. During his stay in England, Hondius was instrumental in publicizing the work of Francis Drake, who had made a circumnavigation of the world in the late 1570s. In particular, in 1589 Hondius produced a now famous map of the cove of New Albion, where Drake briefly established a settlement on the west coast of North America. Hondius' map was based on journal and eyewitness accounts of the trip and has long fueled speculation about the precise location of Drake's landing, which has not yet been firmly established by historians. Hondius is also thought to be the artist of several well-known portraits of Drake that are now in the National Portrait Gallery in London. In 1593, Hondius returned to Amsterdam, where he remained until the end of his life. In 1604, he purchased the plates of Gerard Mercator'sAtlasfrom Mercator's grandson. Mercator's work had languished in comparison to the rival atlas,Theatrum Orbis Terrarumby Ortelius. Hondius republished Mercator's work with 36 additional maps, including several which he himself produced. Despite the addition of his own contributions, Hondius recognizing the prestige of Mercator's name, gave Mercator full credit as the author of the work, listing himself as the publisher. Hondius' new edition of Mercator revived the great cartographer's reputation and was a great success, selling out after a year. Hondius later published a second edition, as well as a pocket version called theAtlas Minor. The maps have since become known as the "Mercator/Hondius series". Between 1605 and 1610 Hondius was employed by John Speed to engrave the plates for Speed'sThe Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. Following Hondius' death in 1612, his publishing work in Amsterdam was continued by his widow and two sons, Jodocus II and Henricus. Later his family formed a partnership with Jan Jansson, whose name appears on theAtlasas co-publisher after 1633. Eventually, starting with the first 1606 edition in Latin, about 50 editions of the Atlas were released in the main European languages. In the Islamic world, the atlas was partially translated by the Turkish scholar Katip Çelebi. The series is sometimes called the 'Mercator/Hondius/Jansson' series because of Jansson's later contributions. Hondius' is also credited with a number of important cartographic innovations including the introduction of decorative map borders and contributions to the evolution of 17th century Dutch wall maps. The work of Hondius was essential to the establishment Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in the 17th century. This is the first edition, first state of Gerard Mercator's seminal 1595 map of the Arctic, the great cartographer's most interesting and important atlas map. In this first edition, it is the scarcest of Mercator's atlas maps and a holy grail for any Arctic collector. For all its flaws and inaccuracies, it is a schematized interpretation of factual voyages between Norway, England, Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador (Markland). Context of this Polar Projection Mercator's Arctic projection has its roots in a magnificent 1569 wall map of the world in which Mercator first introduces his revolutionary projection. The difficulty with the Mercator Projection is that it dramatically inflates the appearance of size it draws near to the poles: its application to the polar regions themselves would result in an infinitely tall map. Mercator therefore included a polar projection, very similar to the map shown here, in the lower-left corner of his wall map. Mercator produced the present map, expanded and updated from his wall map, for inclusion in the first edition of hisAtlas, published posthumously in 1595. As such, it is the first specific separate map of the Arctic. At the North Pole, Mercator depicts a large black rock, theRupes Nigra, surrounded by a great whirlpool fed by four powerful rivers - 'the Indrawing Seas'. These divide a massive continent-sized landmass into four distinct islands. When the English polymath John Dee wrote to Mercator asking about his sources for this map, Mercator returned the following letter which survives in his own hand (April 20, 1577, British Library): In the midst of the four countries is a Whirl-pool, into which there empty these four indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the Earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is four degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare Rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic Stone (…) This is word for word everything that I copied out of this author years ago. The author to which Mercator referred is the Dutch traveler Jacobus Cnoyen van Tsertoghenbosche, whose report combined firsthand encounters with interpretations of an enigmatic lost work, theInventio Fortunata(Fortunate Discoveries). This 14th century work, now largely forgotten, was a well-known resource for cartographers of the 15th and 16th centuries. The mysterious author may have been Nicholas of Lynn, Thomas Kingsbury, or Hugh of Ireland. The work told of a Minorite monk from Oxford who traveled extensively in northern lands, including Iceland, Greenland, Norway, and possibly even Labrador. TheInventioalso cited far older lost works, thePrincipio Gestorum Arturiand the Leges Anglorum Londoniis Collectae, which contributed a chapter to the legend of King Arthur, casting him as a 6th century Arctic explorer, and describing Arthurian conquests of Iceland, Greenland, the Faeroes, parts of Norway, and even the North Pole. King Arthur - Arctic Explorer TheInventiodescribed Arthur's invading Arctic army as consisting of some 4000 men on 12 ships. He sent the army into one of these 'indrawing seas', apparently the only way to bypass the 'Encircling Arctic Mountains'. According to John Dee, in Arthur's time there were cities lying beyond those mountains. Perhaps unsurprisingly, no further report of this momentous invasion appears in Arthurian record. In the fourteenth century, at the court of King Håkan Magnusson (1340 - 1380) in Norway, Cnoyen met and interviewed eight travelers from northern regions. One, a priest, even carried an astrolabe. Historian E. G. Taylor ('A letter dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee.'Imago Mundi13:56–68) believed Cnoyen's voyagers were Norse settlers from 'Greenland, or even . . . a group from Markland (Labrador).' The combination of concrete voyager's reports with the tantalizing, remote voyages of a legendary king helped cement Mercator's formulation of the Arctic as he presented here. The Magnetic North The black rock at the pole, theRupes Nigra, also came to Mercator from Cnoyen, who reported that it was made of magnetic stone (an explanation the wonders of the compass). Mercator, however, did not ascribe toRupes Negrathe magnetic properties claimed by Cnoyen. Instead, Mercator placed a different magnetic rock to the north of the Strait of Anian, and it was this that he identified as the magnetic pole: an attempt to explain the correct observation that the geographic pole and the magnetic pole were not the same. Perilous Waters The placement, both by medieval scholars and Mercator, of violent currents and whirlpools in the northern waters was neither isolated nor fanciful. The Lofoten Maelstrom on the coast of Norway inspired many early legends, for example. The explorers John Davis and Martin Frobisher both believed the strong currents that they encountered corresponded to Mercator's polar rivers and their descriptions reflected such: This place seemeth to have a marvellous great indrafte, and draweth in to it most of the drift ice and other things which doe flote in the sea (George Best - Martin Frobisher's Lieutenant) which inlet or gulfe this afternoone and in the night we passed over: where to our great admiration we saw the sea falling down into the gulfe with a mighty overfal and roaring, and with divers circular motions like whirle-pooles. (James Davis) It is hard to know exactly what these navigators witnessed, but there can be no doubt that Arctic currents in Davis's Strait are powerful and erratic. Mercator wasnotin doubt: at the southern opening of Davis Strait, he noted in English,'a furious over fall.' Indigenous Peoples Throughout the map are references to remote Indigenous populations. These include the Samoyed people of Siberia (described here as cannibals), and theZolotaya Babaor 'Golden Woman,' an idol worshipped by indigenes on the Ob River. This probably derives from Sigismund von Herberstein's (1486 - 1566) 1557 map of Muscovy which included the idol. Ir is very likely that Herberstein's book informed Mercator's geography for Siberia, as did the small map of Maciej Miechowita (1457 - 1523). Further north, the Latin text on the island north of Norway notes 'Here live pygmies, at most 4 feet tall, who are like those in Greenland called Scraelings.' This may derive again from Cnoyen, but from his report of Norse travelers: the name 'Scraeling,' referring to the Inuit of Greenland, was a Viking term. It also appeared in the Sagas referring to abortive Viking efforts to colonize Vinland. Placing the Inuit on that particular Arctic island, neighboring Greenland, would be a reasonable assumption; after all, Mercator notes the presence of Scraelings in Greenland as well. Zeno anf Frisland The difficulty Mercator confronted in presenting a map of such remote regions is not just that the sources available to him were few, but that they could not be confirmed - resulting in the perpetuation of geographical information that was arguably concocted deceptively. Hence, his inclusion of the imaginary island of Frisland, which appears between Greenland and Iceland. Mercator's delineation of this region is drawn from the 1558 map of Nicolo Zeno the younger, informed by the purported explorations of his ancestors Nicolo and Antonio Zeno. The brothers Zeno allegedly explored the coasts of Greenland and Labrador in the 14th century, and as such were held forth as a Venetian discovery of America. Modern historical consensus has been that Nicolo the Younger's map was a hoax, with a minority of dissenters considering it a confused re-telling of a legitimate voyage. Some archival evidence places the Zeno brothers in Venice at the time they were supposedly at sea; it is possible that they never voyaged at all. Nevertheless, in the 16th century Zeno's map was accepted as legitimate. Warts and all, it represented the first attempt at mapping the remote north Atlantic, and so its many phantom islands - notably Frisland - would be included on the maps of Mercator and other cartographers well into the 17th century. Mercator thought Frisland important enough that he assigned one of three detail maps to it: the other two roundels portray the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands, respectively. (Iceland was afforded a full map to itself, so it is no outrage that it was not shown in greater detail here.) Drawing on Thevet and Cartier Mercator's mapping of North America is unique among his works. It features the 'Lago de Conibaz', a large lake with a central island and a river emptying far to the west into a great bay north of the Strait of Anian. The land directly south of the bay is named 'Bergi Regio,' while that to the north bears an astonishing Latin text reading (in translation), 'California region, known only to the Spanish.' This system bears no similarity to any other Mercator map of which we are aware. Mercator's 1569 world map obscured this whole area under a cartouche; its Arctic inset lacks Conibaz and its attached bay. Likewise, neither his 1595America sive India Novanor his son Rumold's 1587 world map include them. In all of these other maps, the whole region north ofAnian Regnumwas collectively referred to asBergi regio, and the California reference appearing here is repeated nowhere else. Lake Conibas, the attached bay and its rivers first appeared on the 1575 André Thevet map of America. (The system also appears, in slightly different form, on the 1593 De JodeAmericae Pars Borealis.) To include it here, Mercator bisected his 'Bergi regio,' moving that placename to the south. In doing so, he created a new peninsula north of the Arctic Circle, and it is this to which he applied the California text. (It appears unlikely that even the Spanish knew about this region, since it was probably entirely the creation of Mercator.) On the other hand, Conibaz and its attendant rivers represent an important passage of explorers' information to Mercator. Thevet is known to have met with Jacques Cartier (1491 - 1557), who explored the Saint Lawrence River and interacted with the Iroquoians. The term Conibaz may relate to 'Cornibotz' (Wampum shells). Cartier's report via Thevet appears to have been informed by his conversations with the Iroquois, and this reflects factual indigenous reports of the North American interior. Conibaz has been associated by some scholars with Great Salt Lake, Lake Ontario, or even the Great Lakes in general. Thus Mercator, and other cartographers had general knowledge of great inland lakes of North America long before Europeans actually encountered them. Still, Mercator's application of the term 'California' to a region north of the Arctic circle is baffling. The 1595Americauses the word only to refer to the tip of the Baja Peninsula; it does not appear prominently in his 1569 world map. (Ortelius's 1570 America would apply the name to the tip of Baja; his edited 1587 America used the term for the entire peninsula.) No other map of which we are aware uses the term as it appears here. The 1593 De Jode, although it includes Thevet's bay and Lake Conibaz, more appropriately places California to the south. It may be that Mercator was simply referring to the whole of Spain's discoveries on the West Coast as 'California,' and including the Arctic regions among them, but why then did he not do so in any other map? Revelations in Central Asia Opposite the American side of the Strait of Anian, is the Asian land of Gog, which appears bound in a tight ring of mountains. Gog and Magog, Biblical nations from the Book of Revelations, were associated by many Europeans with the Tartars. It was believed that Alexander the Great walled off the Kingdom of Gog and Magog behind a mountain range. Many early maps, following up on this legend as well as references from the journals of Marco Polo, place either Gog or Magog in the northeastern extreme of Asia behind an impenetrable mountain range. Publication History and Census This first state of Mercator's Arctic map was introduced in the 1595 first edition of Mercator'sAtlas sive cosmographicae…It bears the elder Mercator's imprint, and is attributed to him. (We note that the composition of this map, with its circular cartouche and insets, and acanthus borders, is reminiscent of the 1595America sive India Nova, which was engraved by Mercator's grandson Michael.) Jodocus Hondius, having acquired theAtlasin 1606, significantly altered and updated the plate. Examples of the Mercator/ Hondius second plate remained in the atlas until 1634, and various editions of that version of the map appear on the market from time to time. This 1595 first state is virtually unobtainable. CARTOGRAPHERS Gerard Mercator (March 5, 1512 - December 2, 1594) is a seminal figure in the history of cartography. Mercator was born near Antwerp as Gerard de Cremere in Rupelmonde. He studied Latin, mathematics, and religion in Rupelmonde before his Uncle, Gisbert, a priest, arranged for him to be sent to Hertogenbosch to study under the Brothers of the Common Life. There he was taught by the celebrated Dutch humanist Georgius Macropedius (Joris van Lanckvelt; April 1487 - July 1558). It was there that he changed him name, adapting the Latin term for 'Merchant', that is 'Mercator'. He went on to study at the University of Louvain. After some time, he left Louvain to travel extensively, but returned in 1534 to study mathematics under Gemma Frisius (1508 - 1555). He produced his first world map in 1538 - notable as being the first to represent North America stretching from the Arctic to the southern polar regions. This impressive work earned him the patronage of the Emperor Charles V, for whom along with Van der Heyden and Gemma Frisius, he constructed a terrestrial globe. He then produced an important 1541 globe - the first to offer rhumb lines. Despite growing fame and imperial patronage, Mercator was accused of heresy and in 1552. His accusations were partially due to his Protestant faith, and partly due to his travels, which aroused suspicion. After being released from prison with the support of the University of Louvain, he resumed his cartographic work. It was during this period that he became a close fried to English polymath John Dee (1527 - 1609), who arrived in Louvain in 1548, and with whom Mercator maintained a lifelong correspondence. In 1552, Mercator set himself up as a cartographer in Duisburg and began work on his revised edition of Ptolemy'sGeographia. He also taught mathematics in Duisburg from 1559 to 1562. In 1564, he became the Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve. During this period, he began to perfect the novel projection for which he is best remembered. The 'Mercator Projection' was first used in 1569 for a massive world map on 18 sheets. On May 5, 1590 Mercator had a stroke which left him paralyzed on his left side. He slowly recovered but suffered frustration at his inability to continue making maps. By 1592, he recovered enough that he was able to work again but by that time he was losing his vision. He had a second stroke near the end of 1593, after which he briefly lost speech. He recovered some power of speech before a third stroke marked his end. Following Mercator's death his descendants, particularly his youngest son Rumold (1541 - December 31, 1599) completed many of his maps and in 1595, published hisAtlas. Nonetheless, lacking their father's drive and genius, the firm but languished under heavy competition from Abraham Ortelius. It was not until Mercator's plates were purchased and republished (Mercator / Hondius) by Henricus Hondius II (1597 - 1651) and Jan Jansson (1588 - 1664) that his position as the preeminent cartographer of the age was re-established. Jodocus Hondius (October, 14 1563 - February 12, 1612) was an important Dutch cartographer active in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His common name, Jodocus Hondius is actually a Latinized version of his Dutch name, Joost de Hondt. He is also sometimes referred to as Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his sons. Hondius was a Flemish artist, engraver, and cartographer. He is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. Hondius was born and raised in Ghent. In his early years he established himself as an engraver, instrument maker and globe maker. In 1584 he moved to London to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. During his stay in England, Hondius was instrumental in publicizing the work of Francis Drake, who had made a circumnavigation of the world in the late 1570s. In particular, in 1589 Hondius produced a now famous map of the cove of New Albion, where Drake briefly established a settlement on the west coast of North America. Hondius' map was based on journal and eyewitness accounts of the trip and has long fueled speculation about the precise location of Drake's landing, which has not yet been firmly established by historians. Hondius is also thought to be the artist of several well-known portraits of Drake that are now in the National Portrait Gallery in London. In 1593, Hondius returned to Amsterdam, where he remained until the end of his life. In 1604, he purchased the plates of Gerard Mercator'sAtlasfrom Mercator's grandson. Mercator's work had languished in comparison to the rival atlas,Theatrum Orbis Terrarumby Ortelius. Hondius republished Mercator's work with 36 additional maps, including several which he himself produced. Despite the addition of his own contributions, Hondius recognizing the prestige of Mercator's name, gave Mercator full credit as the author of the work, listing himself as the publisher. Hondius' new edition of Mercator revived the great cartographer's reputation and was a great success, selling out after a year. Hondius later published a second edition, as well as a pocket version called theAtlas Minor. The maps have since become known as the "Mercator/Hondius series". Between 1605 and 1610 Hondius was employed by John Speed to engrave the plates for Speed'sThe Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. Following Hondius' death in 1612, his publishing work in Amsterdam was continued by his widow and two sons, Jodocus II and Henricus. Later his family formed a partnership with Jan Jansson, whose name appears on theAtlasas co-publisher after 1633. Eventually, starting with the first 1606 edition in Latin, about 50 editions of the Atlas were released in the main European languages. In the Islamic world, the atlas was partially translated by the Turkish scholar Katip Çelebi. The series is sometimes called the 'Mercator/Hondius/Jansson' series because of Jansson's later contributions. Hondius' is also credited with a number of important cartographic innovations including the introduction of decorative map borders and contributions to the evolution of 17th century Dutch wall maps. The work of Hondius was essential to the establishment Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in the 17th century. SOURCE Mercator, G.,Atlantis Pars Altera, (Rumold Mercator) 1595. Mercator'sAtlasis one of the most important works in the history of cartography. Although in fact Ortelius was the first to publish a proper atlas, theTeatrum Orbis Terrarum, Mercator'sAtlasthe first book to employ the termAtlasfor a collection of maps. The term is derived both from the mythical titan, Atlas, who was forced to bear the world upon his shoulders, and the Libyan king, philosopher, and astronomer of the same name that, so the legend goes, constructed the first globe. Mercator dedicated the final 25 years of his life to compile theAtlas. He published two parts during his lifetime in 1585 and 1589, but the final part published posthumously by his son Rumold Mercator, in 1595. The map plates for theAtlaswere later acquired by Jodocus Hondius who published the most complete and well known edition in 1606. It was Jodocus who popularized theAtlasand who did the most to elevate Gerard Mercator's work. The North Pole, Land of Pygmies and Giant Magnets According to Mercator, the North Pole was marked by a giant black magnetic rock. Somewhere in the 14th century, a Franciscan from Oxford, a ‘priest with an astrolabe’, writes a travelogue about his discoveries in the North Atlantic, calls it the Inventio Fortunata (‘The Discovery of Fortunata’) and in 1360 presents it to the King of England. This book has been lost since the late 15th century. However, a Jacobus Cnoyen from the city of ‘s Hertogenbosch (in present-day Netherlands) summarizes the contents of the Inventio, related to him in 1364 in Norway by another Franciscan who had met the author. Cnoyen’s own travel-book is called the Itinerarium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Rubruck This book has also been lost. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_Septentrionalium_Terrarum_descriptio.jpg All this we know by the extensive quotes from the Itinerarium in a letter by the Flemish cartographer Gerhard Mercator to his friend, the English scientist, occultist and royal advisor John Dee. That letter, written in 1577 and now in the British Museum, mentions that: “In the midst of the four countries is a Whirl-pool, into which there empty these four indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the Earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is four degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare Rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic Stone (…) This is word for word everything that I copied out of this author (i.e. Cnoyen) years ago.” A giant magnetic rock, exactly at the North Pole… well, that would explain why all compasses point north, wouldn’t it? Alas, the ominous magnet (described in the letter as “black and glistening” and “high as the clouds”) is a bit too fantastic an explanation for the phenomenon of magnetism. For even back in the late 16th century, mariners often found that their compasses increasingly deviated from ‘true north’ as they approached it. But only later did the separate (and wandering) location of the magnetic poles become common knowledge. In the intervening Age of Exploration (and sometimes Fabulation), Mercator cites an author who clearly hadn’t seen the North Pole with his own eyes – nor had the author he quoted, nor in fact would anyone for centuries to come. In the meantime, the invented geography in the Inventio Fortunata that came to us via that one letter greatly influenced cartographers’ views of the Arctic region. For if no other knowledge of yet-undiscovered lands is available, there’s really not much argument against unbelievable stories. And so, the Black Cliff, the four countries and the whirlpool are evident in Martin Behaim’s globe (1492), which predates Mercator’s map. In 1956, a letter surfaced written by the English merchant John Day in 1497 or 1498 to ‘the Lord Grand Admiral’ (probably Columbus), with Day expressing regret that he hadn’t been able to find the Inventio Fortunata for him. In a marginal note on one of Johannes Ruysch’s maps (from 1508), the Dutch cartographer even mentions that two of the continents surrounding the North Pole are inhabited. Mercator’s late-16th-century Arctic map (Septentrionalium Terrarum, ‘Of the Northern Lands’) was the first ever to be centred on the North Pole itself. It was a mix of fact and fiction, showing some recent discoveries but also the four fanciful countries surrounding the Arctic whirlpool with in its middle the Rupes Nigra et Altissima (‘Black and Very High Cliff’), supposedly responsible for animating navigators’ compasses. On the subject of mixing fact with fiction, Mercator incongruously includes in his map two other magnetic poles, along the 180° meridian, indicating that he did know of the magnetic deviation from the ‘true North’, but wasn’t yet prepared to ditch the preceding fabulation (thanks to Greg for pointing this out). Mercator’s map was included in the last of three volumes constituting his ground-breaking work (the first geographic tomes to be called an Atlas). The cartographer didn’t live to see it published: the last volume was brought out by his son Rumold in 1595, the year after his death. In 1604, cartographer Jodocus Hondius acquired the printing plates of Mercator’s Atlas, and over the years improved on the Arctic map (and others) as explorers and whalers came back with ever more accurate descriptions of the coastlines, in the case of the Arctic map especially those of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla (also, and more correctly known as Novaya Zemlya, ‘New Land’ in Russian). Mercator’s authoritative (but wrong) depiction of the North Pole persisted well into the 17th century, only to be dispelled gradually by real discoveries. On the map, the Rupes Nigra can be seen surrounded by the four countries, all of which are labelled with Latin texts, some of which I can make out: • The island on the bottom right is labelled: Pygmei hic habitant & ad summum pedes longi quem admodum illi quos in Gronlandia Screlingers vocant. Which translates as something like this: ‘Here live Pygmies and (something about long feet), like those in Greenland that are called Skraelinger’. The island to the north of Pygmy-land is labelled: Hic euripus habet ostia et propter angustiam ac celerem fluvium nunquam congelatur. Which goes something like this: ‘This narrow channel has a harbour and due to its narrowness and swift current never freezes’. A glance at the North Pole and its mythology, from whirlpools and giants to the indrawing sea and the Rupes Nigra. https://www.arcus-atlantis.org.uk/horizons/magnetic-north.html HYPERBOREA was a fabulous realm of eternal spring located in the far north beyond the home of the north wind. Its people were a blessed, long-lived race untouched by war, hard toil and the ravages of old age and disease. Hyperborea was usually described as a continent-bound land bordered on the north by the great, earth-encircling river Okeanos (Oceanus), and on the south the peaks of the legendary Rhipaion (Rhipaean) Mountains. Its main river was the Eridanos whose banks were lined with amber-weeping poplar-trees and its waters home to flocks of white swans. Blessed with eternal spring, the land producing two crops of grain per year, but most of the countryside was wild and covered with beautiful forests--the so-called "garden of Apollon." The southern border of Hyperborea was guarded by the bitterly cold peaks of the impassable Rhipaion (Rhipaean) mountains--home to Boreas (the North Wind) whose chill breath brought winter to the lands of the south. Its peaks were inhabited by gold-guarding Grypes (Griffins) and its valleys by the fierce, one-eyed Arimaspoi tribe. Beneath the southern slopes lay Pterophoros--a desolate, snow-covered land cursed with eternal winter. Hyperborea was a theocracy ruled by three priests of the god Apollon. These gigantic kings, known as the Boreades, were sons of Boreas (the North Wind). Their capital contained a circular temple dedicated to the god where hecatombs (a hundred-head) of asses were sacrificed in his honour. The people also celebrated their god in an eternal festival of music, song and dance whose hymns were joined by the sweet song of the circling Hyperborean swans. The realm plays a role in several myths. Phaethon tried to drive the chariot of the sun but lost control and was struck down by Zeus, sending his flaming body plummeting into the Hyperborean river Eridanos. His mourning sisters, the Heliades, were afterwards transformed into amber-shedding poplar trees on its banks, and his grief-stricken friend Kyknos (Cycnus) into a swan. Elderly Hyperboreans commemorated the event by leaping into the lake formed by Phaethon's fall to be transformed into white swans. Perseus later travelled to Hyperborea and was entertained by its folk when he was searching for the Nymphs who guarded the treasures of the gods, or else the Graiai--swan-bodied hags who could reveal the location of Medousa. Perseus' descendant Herakles made the same journey on two separate occassions. The first time was in his quest for the golden-horned deer of Artemis which fled north during the chase. The second time he sought Atlas and the golden apples of Hesperides. Another body of stories describes Hyperboreans as pilgrim-founders of several important Greek shrines. The Delians told a tale of how the pregnant goddess Leto came to the island from Hyperborea accompanied by a pack of wolves where she gave birth to Apollon with the assistance of Eileithyia who was summoned from the northern realm to further the labour. After this event, the Hyperboreans sent pilgrims to the island--five men and several maiden-priestesses. However, after several of the maidens were either raped or killed, the Hyperboreans ended the pilgrimage and instead delivered their offerings indirectly through neighbouring tribes and peoples. The next major shrine connected with the Hyperboreans was the oracle of Apollon at Delphoi. The second of the early, mythical temples of the shrine was said to have been built by Hyperborean pilgrims out of beeswax and feathers. When the army of the Gauls tried to seize the temple in historical times, phantoms of these prophets were said to have appeared on the battlefield, routing the army. Finally they appear in the myths of the founding of the Olympic Games. It was said that when Herakles--either the Daktylos or the son of Zeus--established the festival in honour of Zeus he made a pilgrimage to Hyperborea to obtain sacred wild olives for the shrine. The most famous prophet of the Hyperboreans was probably Abaris who was given a magical arrow by the god Apollon on which he flew around the world performing miracles. Some say this arrow was the one which Apollon had used to slay the Kyklopes (Cyclopes) which had been hidden beneath a Hyperborean mountain. An Arctic Timeline : 1496-1962 The exploration of the North has extended over five hundred years and rather than finding a northwest passage to the eastern trade, it discovered a great fur trade and valuable fisheries, and even great oil fields. Early crews were often separated from their homes for years and some never returned. While hopes of finding a northwest passage was the initial objective, the ice conditions discouraged expectations of success. In the past, the problems of reaching the North Pole have been subordinate to the hope of finding, via that route, a water way to the east, and though the early north polar attempts failed in their main purpose, they resulted in the discovery of new lands and industries. Traveling in vulnerable wooden ships first powered only by sails, they gradually changed to powerful new and innovative vehicles and a commercial trade in the north was established. But even from the beginning of polar exploration the ships that sailed with orders to attain the North Pole have been in number and importance the exception, not the rule. Attempts to reach the North Pole itself followed using stronger ships with newer designs as a base for the dashes to the almost mythical prize. Balloons and the new dirigibles were tried, followed by airships and submarines. When the Pole itself was finally reached, it proved to be a vain goal since it was just a point on the ice above a moving body of water. The oceans of the Arctic basin and the frozen lands around it are now recognized as important study areas, and over the years virtually all exploration parties became directed toward studies of some kind. 1496: Henry VII granted "Letters patent" to John Cabot and his three sons to make voyages of discovery in "northern, eastern or western seas." The original charts and manuscripts of John Cabot and his son Sebastian have, for the most part, disappeared. 1576: Martin Frobisher's first voyage. An attempt would be made to reach Cathay through a passage to the northwest. Vessels used were two small barks, MICHAEL and GABRIEL. Frobisher, aboard the GABRIEL, crossed (now) Davis Strait between Greenland and (now) Baffin Island. They explored the vicinity of (now) Frobisher's Bay. They encountered Inuit, described as being "like to Tartars, with long blacke haire, broad faces and flatte noses and tawnie in colour, wearing Seale skinnes, and so doe the women, not differing in the fashion, but the women are marked in the face with blewe streekes downe the cheekes, and round about the eyes." On this first expedition, a rock was picked up as a souvenir in Frobisher's Bay and upon the expedition's return, the rock was assayed and said to contain gold. 1577: Martin Frobisher's second voyage to (now) Frobisher's Bay, under the auspices of the Cathay Company. The expedition was to continue the search for the Northwest Passage and to mine more of the 'gold'-bearing ore discovered the year before. The expedition remained in the bay for five weeks from 17 July to 23 August 1577 and mined about 200 tons of the ore. The AYDE, MICHAEL and GABRIEL returned to England, bringing an Eskimo man (Kalicho), woman (Arnaq) and child (Nutaaq) to Bristol. The man and woman died and were buried at St. Stephen's Church while the child died in London and was buried at St. Olaves, Hart Street. 1578: Martin Frobisher's third voyage to the Arctic. Commanding the AYDE, Frobisher led a fleet of fifteen vessels to (now) Frobisher's Bay. Over 100 miners from Cornwall and the Forest of Dean were to form a wintering party on a small island under the leadership of Captain Edward Fenton. Poor weather prevented the fleet from keeping together. Frobisher, together with several other vessels, sailed up what he called the "Mistaken Straightes," now called Hudson Strait. Most of the fleet was eventually reunited in the region where 1200 tons of "black ore" was extracted and loaded onto the ships. Upon their return to England, the ore proved to be worthless and the Cathay Company went bankrupt. Frobisher did not return to the Arctic but did retrieve his reputation firstly with Drake in the West Indies and later by his conduct as one of the main commanders of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada of 1588. 1585: John Davis's first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition, aboard the two small vessels SUNSHINE and MOONSHINE, made its first northern landfall on the east coast of Greenland. They sailed across (now) Davis Strait to (now) Baffin Island. They came ashore at (now) Cumberland Sound where two sledges were discovered "made like ours in Englande." Despite signs of inhabitants, none were encountered. 1586: John Davis's second voyage to the Arctic. The vessels MERMAID, SUNSHINE, MOONSHINE and pinnace NORTH STAR sailed up the west coast of Greenland and encountered the "people of the country" in the vicinity of Gilbert Sound, later named Godthaab Fiord. In August, they sailed westwards from Greenland, finding land on southeast Baffin Island. Two of the ship's company were surprised and killed by the "Savages" ashore. 1587: John Davis's third voyage toward the Northwest Passage. Sailing aboard the barks SUNSHINE, ELIZABETH and the pinnace ELLEN, Davis and his crews traveled up the west coast of Greenland, trading with the Greenlanders as they went. After reaching the relatively high latitude of 72° 12' North, Davis turned to the west and sighted Cumberland Sound on Baffin Island which he discovered on his first voyage. They coasted the south shore of Cumberland Sound and re-entered Davis Strait in latitude 64° North. They continued south with the Labrador current, passing a "very great gulfe" which was no doubt Hudson Strait. Upon reaching the vicinity of Labrador, they set sail across the Atlantic for Dartmouth. 1602: George Waymouth, sent by the East India Company, may have proceeded along Hudson Strait for a good distance. His vessel, DISCOVERY, is one of the earliest of a line of exploring ships bearing that name. 1610: Henry Hudson, aboard DISCOVERY, sailed westward for 450 miles through a long strait and into a great bay, both of which now bear Hudson's name. Hudson turned south and the vessel was forced to winter at the southern end of the bay because of ice. They escaped from the ice in June 1611 but soon afterwards a mutiny took place after which Hudson, his son, the sick and the Hudson loyalists were all set adrift in a boat. They were never seen again. Two of the mutineers were killed by the Eskimos at the western end of Hudson Strait while many others died on the voyage home. Stories related by the survivors were believable so all were left unpunished. 1611: Thomas Button sailed on the RESOLUTION, with the DISCOVERY in company. This voyage was to follow-up Hudson's discoveries. Two of the mutineers on Hudson's expedition, Prickett and Bylot, were among the ship's company. Part of the west coast of Hudson Bay was charted and Port Nelson, where they wintered-over, was named after one of the mates who was buried there. The RESOLUTION was crushed by the ice and sank. The DISCOVERY sailed north to what was called Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome, between Southampton Island and the east coast of America, before turning for England. A considerable length of coastline was charted on this expedition. It was also determined that no westward passage from Hudson Bay existed. 1615: Robert Bylot and William Baffin, in the DISCOVERY, sailed through Hudson Strait but found no passage northward through what became known as Frozen Strait. 1619-20: Backed by the King of Denmark, Jens Munk fails to discover the Northwest Passage. His two ships wintered near the site of the later Hudson's Bay Company post, Fort Prince of Wales, on the Churchill River. 1631-32: Two independent voyages are made through Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay in a further attempt to find a northwest passage through this route. Captain Thomas James commanded the HENRIETTA MARIA while Captain Luke Foxe commanded the CHARLES. James Bay, at the head of Hudson Bay, and Foxe's Channel were named after the two captains. 1668: The small vessel NONSUCH sails from London through the Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay. Her voyage opens a sea route for trade in furs with the local Indians. 1670: By royal charter, incorporation of the Hudson's Bay Company is established. King Charles II appoints his nephew, Prince Rupert, their Governor and grants the "sole trade and commerce of all those Seas Streightes Bayes Rivers Lakes Creekes and Soundes in whatsoever latitude they shall bee that lye within the entrance of the Streightes commonly called Hudson's Streightes, together with all the Landes and Territorys upon the Countryes Coasts and confynes of the Seas Bayes Lakes Rivers Creekes and Soundes aforesaid that are not actually possessed by or granted to any of our Subjectes or possessed by the Subjectes of any other Christian Prince or State." The vast territory, to be known as Rupert's Land, would comprise nearly 40% of modern Canada. Three wooden forts are built on James Bay in 1685. 1719: Provisioned by the Hudson's Bay Company, elderly Captain James Knight leads two ships in search of "minerals and to traverse the 'Strait of Anian.'" This was a mythical strait attributed to unreliable charts and globes of the time. They departed from Gravesend on the lower Thames in June 1719 and were never seen again. 1741-42: Commanded by Captain Christopher Middleton, the FURNACE and DISCOVERY sail for Hudson's Bay on June 8, 1741. The vessels winter at Sloop Cove, between the Hudson's Bay Company's fort, named after the Prince of Wales, and the recently vacated Old Factory on the Churchill River. The expedition set sail the following year towards the north where they navigated the uncharted and ice-infested waters of Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome (now Roe's Welcome Sound), between the west coast of Southampton Island and the east coast of North America. They reach a deep bay whose upper reaches touch the Arctic Circle. Middleton names it Repulse Bay as there was no passage there. 1746-47: An attempt to find the Northwest Passage is privately organized by Arthur Dobbs, a member of the Irish House of Commons. The expedition is supported by a group of merchants who form the North West Committee. Commanded by William Moor in the DOBBS and Francis Smith in the CALIFORNIA, the expedition "carried out some useful exploration in difficult conditions, but ... every move, it seemed was dogged by disagreement, ineptitude and controversy." 1770-72: On behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Governor of Fort Prince of Wales, Moses Norton, instructs Samuel Hearne to find and trace the Coppermine River to ascertain whether or not a route exists from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean via the continent of North America. According to the Orders and Instructions, Hearne is "to trace to the mouth, and there determine the latitude and longitude as near as you can; but more particularly so, if you find it navigable, and that a settlement can be made there with any degree of safety, or benefit to the Company." Hearne was accompanied by a group of Northern (Chipewyan) Indians, led by a chief named Matonabbee. The successful journey departed on December 7, 1770 with the women carrying heavy loads together with their infants. Meanwhile, the men hunted and sometimes ate while the women went hungry. They reached the Coppermine River on July 14, 1771 but found the river too dangerous to navigate. On July 17 they surprised a group of Inuit fishing on the river. The Chipewyan Indians showed no mercy towards the Inuit, massacring them and destroying their tents, kettles and every other provision necessary to sustain life in this harsh environment. Shortly after the massacre, Hearne reaches the mouth of the river. He found the vicinity "full of islands and shoals" with unbroken sea ice off in the distance. The tide was out so the water tasted fresh but the bones of whales and sealskins at the Eskimo encampment convinced him that he had reached the "Northern Ocean." As a consequence, he became the first European to accomplish this feat. The significance of this expedition was to prove that no passage existed through the American continent south of the Arctic Circle. 1776-80: Captain James Cook's third voyage of discovery, commanding HMS RESOLUTION and HMS DISCOVERY, with the object of finding the Northwest Passage via the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, "armchair cartographers" had drawn their maps and charts from theory, rather than surveys, which frustrated Cook and his officers while coasting southern Alaska. Cook's ships penetrated as far as Icy Cape on the coast of Alaska. This route into the Arctic, forged by the RESOLUTION and DISCOVERY, would later be taken by the ships of the Royal Navy. 1789: Alexander Mackenzie, a young partner in the North West Company, is driven by the need for a trading route to the Pacific after being displaced from the vicinity of Detroit due to the American Revolution. Mackenzie is accompanied by four French Canadian voyageurs, a Chipewyan Indian by the name of "English Chief," a number of Indian's wives and a young German, John Steinbruck. The expedition departs from Fort Chipewyan, on the southern shore of Lake Athabasca, on June 3, 1789. They reach a great river (subsequently named after Mackenzie), extending northward from the Great Slave Lake. The river is followed all the way to the Arctic Ocean which is reached on July 14, 1789, the same date as the outbreak of the French Revolution. 1792-94: Captain George Vancouver explores and surveys the northwest coast of America. It is subsequently proven that no navigable waterway exists between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in temperate latitudes. 1817: William Scoresby, a young whaling captain and son of William Scoresby, Sr., inventor of the crow's nest, makes a voyage to Greenland where he finds "2000 square leagues of the surface of the Greenland Sea, between the parallels of 74° and 80° North, perfectly void of ice which is usually covered with it." 1818: In command of the ISABELLA, John Ross makes his first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. Lt. Edward Parry, second in command, accompanies Ross in the ALEXANDER. Astronomer on the expedition is Captain Edward Sabine. They turn back at Lancaster Sound. 1819: In command of the DORTHEA, David Buchan seeks the North Pole via Spitzbergen. Lt. John Franklin is second in command aboard the TRENT. 1819-20: In command of the HECLA, William Edward Parry leads his first expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Lt. Matthew Liddon is second in command aboard the GRIPER. A Parliamentary Act passed in 1818 "authorized the [payment of] ... five thousand pounds to the officers and men of the first ship to cross the 110th meridian of west longitude to the north of America by sailing within the Arctic Circle." Parry was the first to qualify when they proceeded westwards along what is now called Parry Channel, passing 110° West longitude in September 1819. They subsequently reach and name Melville Island after the First Lord of the Admiralty. 1819-21: In conjunction with Edward Parry's voyage, John Franklin leads his first overland expedition to Point Turnagain, in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition ends in disaster with eleven members of the expedition losing their lives. 1821-23: In command of the FURY, Edward Parry leads his second voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. Second in command is George Lyon aboard the HECLA. The ice master of the HECLA dies of scurvy. 1824-25: Once again HECLA and FURY sail north under Edward Parry's command in search of the Northwest Passage. This, Parry's third voyage, would prove to be his final voyage to the Canadian Arctic. The FURY is grounded during a storm on July 30, 1825 and subsequently abandoned on Fury Beach at Somerset Island. 1825-27: John Franklin's second land expedition to the mouth of the Coppermine River. Together with John Richardson, he explores and maps more than a thousand miles of coastline from Coronation Gulf to Icy Cape, Alaska. 1827: On June 1, Edward Parry, aboard HECLA, leaves Spitzbergen on an attempt to reach the North Pole. Second in command is James Clark Ross. He reaches 82° 45' North and establishes a Farthest North that will stand for 50 years. 1825-28: The Admiralty dispatches BLOSSOM to the north Pacific. The expedition, under the command of F.W. Beechey, is instructed to await the emergence of Parry's HECLA and FURY into the north Pacific. Also anticipated is the arrival of Franklin's boats from his overland expedition. They reach Captain Cook's Icy Cape and proceed along the coast. Point Barrow is discovered and named after Sir John Barrow of the Admiralty, "to mark the progress of northern discovery on each side of the American continent which has been so perseveringly advocated by that distainguished member of our naval administration." 1829-33: John Ross's second expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition is privately sponsored by gin merchant Felix Booth. With the help of Eskimos, Ross and his crew survive through four Arctic winters. 1833: George Back, together with Richard King, leads an expedition to the Great Fish River in search of John Ross. 1837-39: A Hudson's Bay Company overland expedition is led by Peter Dease and Thomas Simpson. They survey most of the remaining unknown areas of the Northwest Passage. 1845-47: Tragedy befalls John Franklin and his men as he commands EREBUS and TERROR on a search for the Northwest Passage. Franklin is last seen by a whaling ship on June 25, 1845. Neither he nor any of the other 128 men would be seen alive again. Between 1848 and 1859 more than 50 expeditions are mounted to find him, with enormous sums of money spent on the search. The British Government spent approximately £675,000, Lady Franklin £35,000, the United States Government $150,000 and Henry Grinnell, president of the American Geographical Society, $100,000. 1848: The search for the Franklin expedition begins early in 1848. The First Lord of the Admiralty offers £10,000 to anyone who can merely discover what happened to Franklin and his lost ships, EREBUS and TERROR. The Admiralty proposed a 3-pronged attack from the east, west and south to find Franklin: two ships would enter the archipelago from the east by way of Lancaster Sound and Barrow Strait and then move west to Melville Island and Banks Land and then proceed south. (See James Clark Ross below). Two more ships would sail around Cape Horn hoping to rendezvous that July in Bering Strait to explore the western Arctic. (See Pullen below). Finally, a land expedition would travel to the Canadian northwest and follow the Mackenzie River north to the Arctic coast and then eastward along the rim of Wallaston Land and Victoria Land (See John Richardson below). It was expected that both of the naval expeditions would meet up with the land expedition. 1848-49: James Clark Ross, now at the end of his career, is instructed to follow Franklin's route through Barrow Strait and then south or southwest in search of the lost expedition. His two senior officers, Leopold M'Clintock and Robert McClure, will become Arctic heroes. The expedition ships, ENTERPRISE and INVESTIGATOR, are blocked by impassable ice north of Somerset Island. They are frozen in for eleven months at Port Leopold on the northwest tip of the island. They return to England, both officers and men having suffered badly from scurvy. Six of his company of sixty-four die on the expedition. 1848-51: John Richardson, at the age of sixty, leaves his family and embarks from Liverpool for North America in search of his old friend, John Franklin. Dr. John Rae is second in command of the overland expedition. After lodging together at Fort Confidence during the winter of 1848-49, Richardson returns to England, leaving Rae to follow the Mackenzie River to the Arctic coast and then explore eastward along the rim of Wallaston Land and Victoria Land. On Rae's third journey into the Arctic (now 1851), he proves that Wallaston Land and Victoria Lands are actually one and the same. Two fragments of wood are found that clearly came from a Royal Navy vessel. It would be years before anyone realized that they were most certainly from one of the Franklin expedition ships. 1848-51: Lt. W.J.S. Pullen commanding the expedition vessel HMS HERALD, together with the PLOVER and NANCY, reach Bering Strait. From here, he commands 5 small boats in an effort to go east, exploring the Arctic coastline to the Mackenzie Delta. See Rest Of The Text In This Post Part Two. Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962 https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends.

Was the Garden of Eden at the North Pole ? Where was the Garden of Eden ? Hyperborea is a legendary land in Greek mythology, located to the far north of the known world, beyond the North Wind. This tree of life and or this tree is of ineffable goodness and fragrance...Its root is in the garden at the Earth’s end. And Paradise is between corruptibility and incorruptibility. Hyperborea was a fabulous realm of eternal spring located in the far north beyond the home of the north wind. Its people were a blessed, long-lived race untouched by war, hard toil and the ravages of old age and disease. And two springs come out... and they separate into four parts, and go round with quiet course, and go down into the Paradise Of Eden, between corruptibility and incorruptibility. And thence they go forth along the Earth, and have a revolution to their circle even as other Elements. And here there is no unfruitful tree, and every place is blessed. - II Enoch 8:3-8 Religious scholars have spent thousands of years looking for the Biblical paradise. Commonly, scholars suggest that any potential real-world model for Eden existed at the head of the Persian Gulf where the Tigris and Euphrates once met the Persian Karun River and the now-vanished Wadi Al-Rummah that once emptied into the Persian Gulf. This would therefore correlate both with the four rivers of Eden described in Genesis as well as the proposed location of the Mesopotamian paradise called Dilmun. However, others have proposed locations ranging from China-India to Georgia Guide-stones, in Elbert County, Georgia. The Garden of Eden had to be removed from Earth to spare it from the flood, to serve as a holy dwelling place for those ultra-righteous, like Enoch and Melchizedek and their cities, who were given access to the Tree of Life there so as not to fall victim to death until their transformation by resurrection to glory. ! The Garden of Eden is in a heaven between God's residence and Earth and will rejoin Earth at the parousia and meld with the New Jerusalem that will be stand through Christ's millennial reign. The New Jerusalem will be taken just before Earth passes away to spare it from destruction so that it can descend again to the New Earth described at the end of John's Revelation. Today I’d like to discuss one of the more fanciful suggestions, which attracted a scholarly hearing at the end of the nineteenth century. In Paradise Found (1885), the Rev. William F. Warren, president of Boston University, proposed a startling new theory about the location of Eden, “that the cradle of the human race, the Eden of primitive tradition, was situated at the North Pole, in a country submerged at the time of the Deluge.” His evidence for this claim ranged from the improbable to the ridiculous, as judged in the light of modern science, but in his time scholars had not yet discovered two essential facts that we know today: (a) that there is no land mass hidden beneath the arctic ice cap, and (b) that the ice has been in place since before the emergence of human beings. So much for his geographic, botanical, and zoological evidence, which he though sealed the case that the Arctic had once been a tropic paradise and the place from which all life evolved. More interesting is his claim for comparative mythology, which begins, as all fringe history books must (even when written by seemingly mainstream scholars), with the assertion that “the cosmology of the ancients has been totally misconceived by modern scholars” and that our author has some unique insight that gives him special knowledge of the truth. He begins by disputing that the ancients viewed the world as a flat plane surmounted by a metal or clay vault, in apparently willful contradiction of the plain reading of ancient texts (Enuma Elish 4.137-138, Iliad 17.425, Odyssey 15.329, Genesis 1:6-8, 3 Baruch 3:7, etc.). Instead, he claims that the ancients viewed the earth as a sphere in which the gods lived in the stars above the North Pole, humans in the northern hemisphere, the dead in the southern hemisphere, and demons in the stars below the South Pole. He is here literalizing the ancient concept of stacked planes and applying them directly to the earth itself. He goes on to literalize the concept of the world axis (around which the stars revolve) as twin mountains rising from the poles. This interpretation, though, is more a difference of form rather than a difference in kind. Flat or curved, the result isn’t really all that different except in one detail: By asserting that the ancients knew the earth to be round, it makes north more than just a direction on a map and lets Warren revise the Islands of the Blessed (in the west) and Eden (in the east) to correspond with the polar paradise in the north imagined as Hyperborea and Ultima Thule, and the world axis with the North Pole, despite Hindu cosmology placing Mount Meru in “the middle of the earth,” the Canaanites claiming it to be Mt. Hermon, and so on—after all, relative to the observer, the stars appear to spin high above any spot on earth, not specifically the North Pole. By collapsing mythic variation into the physical reality of geography, he makes every myth into the North Pole, washing away contradictory evidence as corruption or misinterpretation. He also has difficulty accepting the ambiguity of ancient versions of the underworld (probably due to divergent traditions), where the land was accessible both by descending into the earth and by crossing the River Ocean, instead asserting that such a land could only be the southern hemisphere. He concludes that the aurora borealis gave rise to the myth of a polar paradise blessed by God since the lights would have been taken as evidence of the divine abode of the gods in the memory of the descendants of the polar peoples. Warren received some interesting support. William Gladstone, Homeric scholar and British prime minister, endorsed part of his idea because it conformed to his own idea of Homeric cosmology, and professors of various ancient languages, cultures, and religions endorsed his reading. This isn’t really important. What is important is Warren’s claim, first expressed in an earlier book called The True Key to Ancient Cosmology and Mythical Geography (1882), which focused on Homer, that Atlantis “must be looked for, not between Europe and America, but at the pole, whither all the oldest ethnic traditions point us for the cradle of the human race.” While expressed in a footnote, he would expand upon it for the later book. There, he identified Atlantis with the Garden of Eden, and he asserted that both “were precisely where the tradition” of the ancients placed them: the North Pole. He does so by identifying Atlantis with Hyperborea (on the faulty claims of Noah’s Ark theorist Jacob Bryant, citing Pindar [Pythian 10], who said no such thing) and the charmed, long, and leisurely lives of the Hyperboreans (Pliny, Natural History 4.26) with the sinless world of Eden. You will, undoubtedly, recognize the core of this claim. Although modern science makes a tropical continent at the North Pole impossible, modern fringe writers can’t let an old claim die. Rand and Rose Flem-Ath, in When the Sky Fell (1995), invert it, though apparently without knowledge of the original, basing their work on Charles Hapgood and the earth crust displacement theory. In 2004, Robert Argod wrote Out of Antarctica which more explicitly recycled Warren’s claims. He used the same evidence that Warren had—claims of tropical plants and warm-weather myths—but moved everything to Antarctica (the South Pole). Graham Hancock, of course, famously embraced the Antarctica-as-Atlantis theory for a time before the sheer weight of geological fact forced him to amend his views. But surely the silliest application of the theory has to be in Raymond Bernard’s 1964 opus The Hollow Earth, actually written pseudonymously by Dr. Walter Siegmeister, an occultist who hoped to start a Master Race in Brazil. He was a UFO believer and an early exponent of ancient astronaut themes (vimana aircraft, etc.). He argued that the Atlanteans moved into the hollow earth where they developed UFOs and have become greatly upset at our nuclear weapons. In so doing, he adopted part of Warren’s argument and then made it ridiculous in his attempt to deal with the geological fact that no tropical paradise ever existed at the North Pole by removing it into the earth. Right after summarizing Warren’s claims and tying them to the hollow earth theory, he writes: May not Santa Claus represent a race memory of a benefactor of humanity who came from this subterranean race, who came to the surface through the north polar opening—perhaps on a flying saucer, symbolized by his flying sled and reindeer? The Genius Of The Few - Chapter 4 The Chronicles Of Enoch And I looked at myself and I was like one of the others; there was no difference and all my fear and trembling left me: - Secrets of Enoch: XXIII Unquestionably, the most rewarding descriptions of the Garden in Eden, in the Hebraic tradition, occur in the Books of Enoch, which were translated and edited by Dr R. H. Charles, a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in the early years of this century. His material was comprised of pre-Rabbinic, Palestinian Jewish texts, compiled from fragments of varying ages - all close in content, but occasionally varying in detail. There are three principal versions extant; the full Ethiopic version (E); fragments of the Greek versions (Gs) preserved in Syncelles; and a large fragment of the Greek version (Gg), discovered at Akhim, and deposited in the Gizeh Museum at Cairo. Charles also discovered a Slavonic edition which has become known as 2 Enoch or the Secrets of Enoch, and persuaded his friend Dr Morfill, the Professor of Slavonic Studies at Oxford at the time, to undertake its translation - and it is from Morfill's work that we have the clearest accounts of the Garden in Eden. The author of the early chapters of the three-part book, which are those with which we are primarily concerned, has been shown by Burkitt to have been a Jew who lived in northern Palestine, south-west of the Hermon Range, near to the headwaters of the Jordan River. The very area in which much of the action described in our Chapter 5 is stated to have taken place. We do not know the source of the original material, but it can be said with some confidence that the Books of Enoch were produced around the second century BC from materials with a much older tradition. Some may have been orally transmitted but there is considerable evidence for an originally-written background. Charles was greatly excited by what he found in these works, but had to admit that they seemed to contain much of a questionable nature, seemingly apochryphal in character with passages that were obscure and even fanciful. Of course, Charles was writing seventy years ago, when his own understanding was limited by the knowledge, and prejudices of that period. Man had only just, somewhat unsteadily, taken to the air, and intelligence was generally considered to be the prerogative of only two places in the whole Universe - Heaven and Planet Earth. Despite these limitations, Charles placed a great deal of value on the teachings of the Books of Enoch, stating: Nearly all the writers of the New Testament were familiar with it, and were more or less influenced by it in thought and diction. It is quoted as a genuine production of Enoch by St Jude, and as scripture by St Barnabas. The authors of the Book of Jubilees, the Apocalypse of Baruch, and 4 Ezra, laid it under contribution. With the earliest Fathers and Apologists it had all the weight of a canonical book. The citations of Enoch by the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, and by the Book of Jubilees, show that at the close of the second century Be, and during the first century Be, this book was regarded in certain circles as inspired. When we come down to the first century AD, we find it recognized as scripture by St Jude. But the popularity of the Book of Enoch rested on false premises. It was thought to be a series of prophecies of a Golden Age that would occur in the future; the Fathers failed to see that, conversely, it was an account of a Golden Age that had already occurred in the distant past. Around 325 AD, the work was declared to be apocryphal by St Jerome in his De Viris illustr. iv with the words, De libro Enoch qui apocryphus est It fell under a cloud, which led to its disuse and we believe that copies were destroyed, because it was lost to Western scholarship for nearly 1500 years - until the Ethiopian version was discovered by Bruce, in Abyssinia, at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Book of Enoch contains an autobiographical account of the life of Enoch among the Elohim in the area known as Eden, which, as we have already suggested, can be identified from the text as the north-west corner of the Fertile Crescent, centered on Mount Hermon on the borders of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel (Map 1). Enoch had much to do with the Watchers: a large group of craftsmen-teachers who arrived in Eden as reinforcements for the third order of the Shining Ones - the Elohim, and this association will be the subject of the next chapter. Here, we must repeat the following quotation: [EN VI:6 VB] And they were in all two hundred, who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon ... This translation is taken from the Greek, but the Ethiopic text confirms it: And they descended on Ardis which is the summit of Mount Hermon. Jared, the father of Enoch, was fifth in the line of Patriarchs after Adam, and may have been born around 7736 BC (not recalibrated) the Watchers may have arrived about 166 years later. The majority of them were dispatched down to the Lowlands to teach the expanding Hebrew families the arts of reading and writing, and a wide spread of crafts and agricultural practices. Enoch must have impressed them as a particularly promising student, because they seem to have concentrated on his education until he was a fluent speaker and writer of the languages of the Highlands, as well as his own. Eventually, as we shall recount, Enoch was summoned to the Garden in Eden to act as scribe and chronicler to the Shining Ones - with the added responsibility of liaison with the Watchers. In biblical terms, the Watchers are first mentioned, as such, in Daniel 4:10 - Next a Watcher, a holy one came down from heaven: The Hebraic term, used in the plural for the Watchers, was Eyrim. The Eyrim were referred to as the 'sons of the Elohim'; but remembering that such expressions as 'father and son, in the Middle Eastern vernacular, do not necessarily imply a blood relationship, we may infer that the Watchers were an inferior order in the Elohim group. And this is amply demonstrated in the accounts which follow. We have thought it best to recount Charles's translation of Enoch as a straight narrative, in our own words, but interspersed with lightly paraphrased quotations where these are necessary for clarification or emphasis. The paraphrases are desirable in order to amend archaic expressions, and overly religious stylization; but they have been kept faithful to the sense of Charles's text, except in a few details where it has been found essential to deviate for specific reasons - in such cases, footnotes have been added in explanation. The Summoning of Enoch Enoch was the seventh in the recorded line of Patriarchs (see Table 1), being the eldest son of Jared, the father of Methuselah, the grandfather of Lamech, and the great-grandfather of Noah, all of whom have their places in this account. He has always been given special reverence in the Hebraic tradition because of his unusual career; this, as we have already quoted, was described somewhat tersely by the writer of Genesis. Enoch walked with the Elohim. Then he vanished because the Elohim took him. Fortunately, this laconic and enigmatic statement, which is not enlarged upon in Genesis, is considerably, and intelligibly, amplified in the Secrets of Enoch (2 Enoch). [SE 1:2-10 PP] On the first day of the month, I was alone in my house, and was resting on my bed. And as I was sleeping, I dreamt that a great grief came over me and that I wept; and I could not understand why I felt like this, or what was going to happen to me. I awoke to find, in my room, two very tall men different from any that I have seen in the Lowlands. Their faces shone like the Sun, and their eyes burned like lamps; and the breath from their mouths was like smoke. Their clothes were remarkable - being purplish [with the appearance of feathers]; and on their shoulders were things which I can only describe as 1ike golden wings'. They stood by the head of my bed, and I was awoken by them, calling me by name; and I clearly saw them standing in front of me. I bowed my head to them and hid my face, and they said to me: 'Do not be afraid, Enoch; the Great Lord has sent us to you and, today, you are to go with us up to the Highlands. Now, tell your sons and your servants that they must manage without you down here; and tell them that no one is to come looking for you. Eventually, you will be brought back'. So I obeyed them. I went out of the house and called my sons Methuselah, Regim and Gaidal, and told them what these men had said to me. It is probable from this account, and from later revelations, that the Patriarchal family was living in the lowlands of the Jordan Valley, possibly around the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). And that Enoch was to be taken up to the high country of the Anti Lebanon to the Settlement of the Elohim, which Charles refers to as Heaven (from the Greek - paradeisos). That Enoch's destination was on Earth, and not some nebulous place in the sky, is clearly indicated in the instruction that no one was to go looking for him ! Years later, Methusaleh did go looking for him - to tell Enoch of the birth of Noah - and Methusaleh walked, or at best, rode a donkey. [SE III:l PP] When I had spoken to my sons, the men called me. They lifted me up and placed me on what seemed to be a cloud, and this cloud moved, and going upwards I could see the sky around and, still higher, I seemed to be in Space. Eventually, we landed on the First Haven and, there, they showed me a very great sea, much bigger than the inland sea where I lived. Elsewhere, the First Haven is described as a 'treasury of snow and ice, and clouds and dew', and from it Enoch could see a wide panorama of lands and sea, and rivers. From a later context, the landing place can be identified as Mount Hermon, and the 'very great sea' as the Mediterranean. This would certainly contrast in size with Chinnereth - one of the lakes in the Rift Valley of the River Jordan. Our use of the term 'Space' is, we believe, justifiable because the Greek word, used, was ether, which was an old term for the regions above the Earth's atmosphere - though we doubt very much whether Enoch travelled as high as that on his relatively short journey to Hermon. Unless, of course, the men sought to confuse him over his destination by going high into the stratosphere! The term Haven needs more justification. The Greek, again, used the term= paradeisos. This was originally a Persian word, introduced by Xenophon, meaning 'a park' or 'a shelter' or sanctuary'. Therefore, the use of 'haven~ rather than 'heaven' has some authority on its side. Many religions have the concept of a plurality of 'heavens' - seven being a common number; and many religions seem to have taken this concept from the seven havens, or sheltering places, which Enoch encountered on his journey through Eden. Enoch's description of the two men is the first that we have of personalities from the Elohim who, much later, were to be universally known as Angels'. An alternative translation, from a separate document, describes their dress as having the 'appearance of feathers', which might have contributed to the illusion of wings on their shoulders. It may also be significant that some statuettes from the third millenium BC in Sumer show a below-waist, kilt like garment with a boldly 'feathered' composition. Well-known examples, shown in Plate 5, are those of Dudu, a scribe from the period of Ur-Nina, and of Ebih-il from Mari, dated from the middle of the millenium. Later, in Chapter 6, we shall discuss what is known of the characteristics, and dress, of the Shining Ones and assess the importance of statuettes and bas-reliefs from the archaic periods of Sumer. How Enoch was transported need not be discussed at this stage, but he was clearly aware that it was aerial. A comparative passage from the first Book of Enoch states: [EN LXX:2 VB] And he was raised aloft on a chariot of the spirit - and his name vanished from among them The Greek word, which Charles translated as 'spirit: was .which transliterates to pneuma, the principal meaning of which is 'air' (we still use it in our word 'pneumatic'). Enoch's means of transportation was stated, literally, as 'the air-chariot' - strangely similar to our modem term 'airplane'. The stark anachronism, in terms of the technology believed to have been available in the eighth century BC, should not divert us, for the present, from the main theme. But it is a problem that must be faced - before this book closes; there is far too much documentary evidence, for this kind of phenomenon, for it to be possible to ignore it. The continuing narrative of Enoch reads like the diary of a wide eyed traveler being shown sights which, not only has he never seen the like before, but are so alien to his experience that they are partly beyond his power of comprehension. In our paraphrases, we have been careful not to superimpose our own technical understanding onto Enoch's halting attempts to explain what he saw. [EN XVII:1-2 PP] They [the two men] conducted me to a place where those who were there were as bright as fire, but when they wished they could appear as ordinary men. They had brought me to a place of darkness from a mountain whose summit reached to the heavens. There I saw lighted places, and heard thunderous noises; and, in the deepest part, there were lights, which looked like a fiery bow and arrows with their quiver, and moving lights like a fiery sword. This passage, like others to follow, only makes sense in the context of an inexperienced countryman brought suddenly into the dwellings, and perhaps workshops, of a more advanced culture. Perhaps the closest modem comparison would be with an intelligent Aborigine who, having lived only in the central deserts of Australia, was attempting to describe his experiences after being carried by helicopter to the mountain ridge outside Alice Springs, and after looking down at the lights of the town, through the darkness. If Enoch's high mountain, as we believe, were Hermon, and if the Garden in Eden lay to the north, Enoch could have looked down into the depths, some hundreds of metres below him, and seen the bright lights of a settlement; and who knows what strange shapes they might have formed in his mind. Enoch came at last to his destination - a great house, which he refers to as the 'Seventh Haven'. [SE XXI:2 - XXII:12 PP] After I had seen all this, these two men said: 'Enoch, we have only been told to accompany you this far: Then they left me, and I saw them no more. I was left alone outside the Haven; and I was afraid and fell on my face, saying to myself, Whatever has happened to me?' Then the Lord sent one of his great Archangels, Gabriel, out to fetch me, and he said to me: 'Enoch, do not be afraid; stand up and come with me - and keep standing up when you are in front of the Lord: So I answered: 'Oh! my Lord, my courage has failed me, and has left me in fear and trembling; please call back the men who brought me here - I have relied on them so far, and I should like them with me when I go in to see the Lord: But Gabriel whisked me away like a leaf carried by the wind; and he took me in to the Lord. (Despite what I had been told), I fell prostrate in front of the Lord and he spoke to me: Do not be afraid, Enoch; get up and, in future, always stand up when you are with me: Then Michael, who was the chief captain, raised me up and brought me right up to the Lord, and the Lord said to his attendants: 'Enoch is always to have entry to me: And these bowed to the Lord, and said: 'Enoch shall be given access, as you say: Then the Lord said to Michael: 'Go and strip Enoch of his own clothes; anoint him with fine oil, and dress him like ourselves: and Michael did as he was told. He stripped me of my clothes, and rubbed me over with a wonderful oil like dew - with the scent of myrrh which shone like a sunbeam. And I looked at myself, and I was like one of the others; there was no difference and all my fear and trembling left me. Then the Lord called one of his Archangels named Uriel, who was the most learned of them all, and said: 'Bring out the books from my library, and give Enoch a pen for speedy writing, and tell him what the books are about: And Uriel hurried and brought me the books, smelling of myrrh, and handed me a pen: The sincerity of this account is quite remarkable. There are no heroics - no bombast; just an honest statement of human frailty in the face of what must have been a terrifying experience. The parallel Sumerian account showed that this house to which Enoch was brought was a large cedar-wood building, brilliantly illuminated, and equipped with running water. On the wider issues, the account supplies three particularly important pieces of information. 1. In a preliminary manner, it explains the purpose behind the uprooting of Enoch from his patriarchal home and his transportation to a mountain eyrie close to Hermon. Enoch was educated, within the limits of what the Watchers had taught him; he was a fluent writer, and he was a man of particular integrity. In the Greek, he is described in two pertinent phrases: (a)'Enoch - the truthful man' and (b)Writer of the truth'. In his translation, Charles used 'righteous' in the place of our 'truthful', and 'righteousness' in the place of 'truth". In our view, this is quite unjustifiable, and the practice has lead to much misunderstanding. The Greek word -meant truth andmeant 'true'. The introduction of moral values, where none seems to have been intended, is surely a religious gloss, which was not present in the early documents. Enoch was chosen for his writing ability and for his honesty, and these virtues were to be used for the dissemination of knowledge from books in the possession of the Archangels. What these books contained, we can only guess; but it is possible, in the light of what Enoch later communicated to his son, Methusaleh, that they were chronicles explaining the Mission of the Sages and perhaps describing what had occurred in Eden up to that time. They might even have referred to the origins of the Shining Ones; information, which would have been of incalculable value to us today. It is possible that these records were destroyed when the Great House succumbed to the flames in the great Storm - if so, this was the tragedy of all tragedies. 2. The shining countenances of the Archangels were a striking characteristic, which has become a familiar part of both mythology and standard religious traditions. It is an integral factor in all the major religions and in heroic stories the world over. As a single example, Lugh, in the Old Irish traditions, was so radiant that mortal men could not bear to look him in the face. Of course, the same characteristic was claimed for Yahweh. This radiance of countenance has, hitherto, been attributed to some supernatural or spiritual effect; but the foregoing passage clearly suggests that it could have been the result of the application of a superficial oil with highly luminescent properties. The simple, if overly speculative, explanation would be that the Sages had very sensitive skins, and were particularly susceptible to harm from ultra violet radiation in the rarified mountain air. And yet, we hesitate to put this explanation forward as a viable proposition. Had the radiance been solely due to the oil, there seem to have been too many examples, in too many cultures, for this practice not to have been generally recognized as the source of the shining countenances. It is also possible that the anointing of Enoch was a device to make him feel more at home in the alien environment and, if this were the case, it would argue a compassionate understanding of his fright by the Great Lord. 3. The 'chief captain' among the Archangels was stated to be Michael. This title implies some kind of military or, more likely, security responsibility which will require some discussion later. Once Enoch was settled into his new surroundings, he was taken on a tour of Eden and the surrounding districts, with different Archangels accompanying him at different times. The account of these travels has led to much misinterpretation, and seems to have been largely responsible for the apocryphal denigration suffered by these Books in the early centuries of the Christian Church. We believe that one misunderstanding arose out of the assumption that 'Heaven' was some ethereal place outside the physical world, whereas there is substantial evidence for considering that the original use of the term was to describe a geographical location on Earth. To augment the arguments used in our first chapter, we must repeat that the Hebraic term, which has been translated as 'heaven, occurs as one of the first words in the Old Testament. And at the beginning of the account of the Garden in Eden, the expression is found in the lines: [GEN 2:4-5 VB] ... When Yahweh Elohim made heaven and earth no plant of the field being yet in the earth and no grains having yet sprouted ... In the Hebrew, the phrase 'heaven and earth - no plant' is written as: Transliterated into English characters, this becomes: Shemim ares (or arz) - kol shem 'heaven and earth - no plant'. Shemim, like Elohim, was plural; and the root, SHM, is the same as that for shem = 'plant'. In the cognate Akkadian language, shamu also meant 'heaven'; but it had another, associated meaning - 'the high place'; while shammu meant 'a plant'. Shammu is considered to have been a loan word taken from the Sumerian sham which also meant 'plant'; and the close etymological connection between sham, or shem = 'heaven', and sham or shem = 'plant' is self-evident. Originally, shemim, in archaic Hebrew, should have meant 'high places where plants were grown', and it is not surprising, therefore, that the term should have been associated with the Garden in Eden - it is a perfect, concise description. In English, the connection is more obscure. The modem word 'heaven' was derived from the Anglo-Saxon heofon, and is close to the Scandivanian havn meaning a 'harbour' or 'port'; the latter is even closer to the English haven meaning a 'refuge' or a 'sanctuary'. It would be reasonable to assume that the ancient root SHM lost its initial 'S' and, in the western world, changed its ending from 'M' to VN'. There is immediate support for this in the Teutonic word for 'heaven,' which is himmel; here, the initial 'S' has been lost, but the 'M' has been retained, and doubled. It is also of importance that the same Hebraic term= ares or arz is used in both places, in the above Genesis quotation, where the English translation is 'earth'. This, therefore, must apply to the land, or ground, rather than to the planet. We postulate, in consequence, that there was an ancient word - possibly deriving from the original eme-an of the Kharsag epics - which had the root SHM, and which was adopted by the early Semitic people to describe the area around the Garden in Eden; the Highlands where plants were cultivated. Because it was also the abode of Yahweh Elohim, the Leader of the Shining Ones, who later became the Deity of the Hebrews, shamim was transferred to those celestial regions which were considered the likely abode of God - but only after the Garden had been forgotten in terms of what it had originally been. To Enoch, Heaven' was the place where he was living; but within it were several 'heavens', seven in fact, each one definable as a separate part of the overall area. The plurality of these 'heavens', as a concept of the primary religions, has already been mentioned. Enoch describes his travels through these places in terms, which are incomprehensible if the modem, ecclesiastical meaning of Heaven is applied to the site of his wanderings. He met with both good and evil, and the latter caused early churchmen many sleepless nights - even Canon Charles himself - because it was inconceivable that evil could exist in Heaven, in the presence of God. And many were the convoluted explanations advanced to cover this anomaly. The idea of Satan, the Prince of Evil, was probably developed as just such a cover, because his original ha-satan - had no taint of evil; he was a functionary among the Archangels known as The Adversary, and probably had judicial responsibilities, like Ugmash. On each of Enoch's journeys, the Archangel acting as guide and mentor patiently dealt with the flood of questions that flowed from the quick mind of the excited and inquisitive Lowlander. But, before Enoch's descriptions can be understood, it is necessary to know something of the topographical features of the Levant, inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. And, strangely enough, the geological characteristics of the area have a distinct bearing on any interpretation which is made. The Terrain of the Country around Eden As shown in Map 1, the terrain of the Levant, immediately inland from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, is dominated by a series of roughly north to south tension faults which control the sides of the narrow Rift Valley ,which runs, almost unbroken, from Turkey in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba in the south, a distance of nearly 500km. In sequence from the north, the Valley carries the Orontes River; the Biqa Plain with its ancient settlement at Ba'albek; the Litanni River (the Leontes); the Dan River; the Lakes of Hulah; the sub-sea Jordan Valley with the Sea of Galilee (Chinnereth) and the Dead Sea; and, finally, the Gulf of Aqaba, itself. Associated with the Rift, volcanic outpourings of lava and ejectamenta have continued into near-modern times, probably causing the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in the time of Abraham, perhaps close to 2000 BC. The central part of the Rift Valley is bounded by the Lebanon Range on the west side, and on the east by the Anti Lebanon Range of which Mount Hermon, at its south-west end, is the highest point at 2,814m (9,232 ft). The highest point of the Lebanon Range, Qarnet es Sauda, rises up to 3,086m (10,125 ft). The country of this central part contains the four elements necessary for it to equate with the terrain described by Enoch: (a) high mountains, including Hermon, with a substantial, but seasonal, rainfall; snow-covered in the winter: (b) isolated, inter-montane, alluvial plains or basins: (c) deep, narrow ravines, fault-controlled, with evidence of volcanism within the past 10-15,000 years; and (d) a climate capable of sustaining an ecology including grain agriculture, vineyards, fruit orchards and extensive cedar forests. Bearing these elements in mind, it is possible to follow, and interpret even the wilder-sounding descriptions. The Excursions of Enoch: The Volcanic Ravines The first comments, which Enoch makes on his local excursions refer to scenes which he encountered on his journey into Eden, starting at Mount Hermon. [EN XVII:4-8 PP] And they the two men took me to the swiftly flowing river, and the fire of the west, which reflects every setting of. the Sun. I came to the river of fire in which fire flows like water, and discharges itself into the Great Sea towards the west. I saw great rivers, and a place of darkness which was uninhabited. I saw the mountains in the darkness of winter and the sources from which all the rivers come, which debouch into the Sea. Assuming that Enoch had been landed on Mount Hermon, and was being shown the views shortly before sunset, he would have been able to see the Orontes flowing northwards, the Jordan flowing southwards, and the Litani (Leontes) below him. As he descended the mountain, looking westward, he would have been directly in line with the 20km long reach of the River Leontes, shown in Map 1, as it flowed directly east to west into the Mediterranean. Around the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes, the setting Sun, viewed from the slopes of Hermon at a critical angle, would have appeared to set the waters of the Leontes alight, and Enoch could well have seen 'a river of fire' entering the Mediterranean. He also mentioned snow on the mountains, which would have made Spring a more likely season than the Autumn; so allowing the event to be placed in the period covering early March to the middle of April. He also mentioned the 'great darkness', which would have settled over the deep valleys on the eastern side of Hermon after the sun had set on the other side. On what was obviously another excursion, after he had settled in Eden, Enoch wrote: [EN XVIII:6-8 PP] I went further and saw a place which was burning all the time - night and day - and where there were seven mountains of magnificent rocks; three were roughly to the east, one was of coloured rock, one was of a pearl-grey colour, and the other was reddish-orange; those in the south were of red rock. The middle mountain reached up to the sky like the 'throne of the lord'; it was white like gypsum and, above, the sky was a sapphire-blue. Enoch's colour descriptions are fully compatible with the geology of the Hermon area. The crests of the highest ridges are composed of white, crystalline limestone, which would glisten like gypsum in the early morning sunlight. Under the upper limestone, there is a reddish-brown sandstone which forms the lower ridges, and volcanic rocks of varying colours form individual peaks. Enoch was a splendid observer, appreciative of beauty, and, seeing mountain country at its best, was keen to express his delight. [EN XXVI: 1-4 PP] From there I went into the middle of the [mountain] area and saw a wonderful place in which there were trees with branches in full bloom. And there I saw a high mountain, and underneath it to the east was a stream, and it flowed towards the south. Towards the east was another mountain, higher than the first, and between them was a deep and narrow ravine; in it there was a stream also running beneath this mountain. And to the west of this there was another lower mountain, not very high, and between them another ravine, deep and dry; and another deep and dry ravine lay at the end of the mountain. This passage is quoted for its very ordinariness. This is not apocryphal, or fanciful writing - as such it would be pointless. But as the eager jottings of a man who just noted down the things that took his eye, it is unexceptional. However, the tone changes, markedly, when he is brought into volcanic ravines, the fires of which he had already noticed from a distance. Still vividly descriptive, Enoch begins to show his distaste for the smoke and heat of lava and ash - and for the stark moon-scape which these places tend to resemble. [EN XVIII:11-12 PP] And I saw a deep rift in the earth with columns of flame and smoke; the fires rose to a great height and fell again into the depths. Beyond the rift, I saw a place where no sky could be seen above, and which had no firm ground below. There was no water on it, and no birds - it was a desolate and terrible place. Again, there is a ring of authenticity. Ordinary flames rise and disappear, but flaming volcanic material spurts upwards and can be seen falling back into the pit. The Levant Rift valley is gradually widening due to the drift of Arabia away from Africa, and every tiny lurch is liable to bring earthquakes in its train and, from time to time, volcanic activity. From Enoch's description, his visit to this ravine was at a time when the upper reaches of the Jordan and Dan Valley's were experiencing limited eruptions with spurts of incandescent, molten rock being thrown up like fountains of fire - a very common phenomenon in active rift areas. His place without firm ground suggests a local lava-flow, or a place in which smoke was trapped close to the ground. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, mentioned earlier, was by hot ash and sulphurous smoke and fire - further south in the same rift section (GEN 19:23-28). Enoch continued: [EN XIX:1-2 PP] Uriel said to me: This is the place where the Angels who have cohabited with women will be imprisoned; those who, in many different ways, are corrupting Mankind, and leading men astray into making sacrifices to demons. They shall remain here until they come to trial; and the women of the Angels who went astray shall become sirens: This passage introduces the punishment of those Watchers who took wives from among the daughters of men against the instructions of their superiors. Enoch was to become the intermediary between the Archangel Council and these Watchers, and this visit to the proposed penal area was quite deliberately organized. He was to visit two other outdoor prisons, or places of detention, which suggests that the Angel authorities laid down strict rules of behaviour - and enforced them rigorously. [EN XXI: 1-6 PP] I went to a place where everything was disorientated, and there I saw something horrible. I could neither see the sky above nor the ground below, but only a strange and terrible place. And there I saw seven of the Angels imprisoned together ... So I said: What have they done wrong, and why are they held, here' Uriel, one of the Archangels who was with me, and who was responsible for the prisoners, said: 'Enoch, why do you ask, and why are you so keen to know the truth? These are a group of Angels who have disobeyed the orders of the Lord; they will be imprisoned, here, until their sentence is fully completed: There are two points of importance in this text: (i) the verbatim passage by Charles states, 'I saw seven stars of the heaven bound together in it .. :, and this has led to misinterpretation by scholars. In the archaic Sumerian script, which developed out of the original language of Kharsag, the star was a symbol for the Shining Ones whom we equate with the Angels; consequently, references by Enoch to stars and luminaries are frequently intended to indicate the Angels. It may be significant that, in Sumerian literature, there are many references to the seven Anannage, who were imprisoned in the underworld. The phrase bound together', which Charles used, implied being confined, or imprisoned, together: (ii) the seven imprisoned in Enoch's 'horrible place' could not have been Watchers who had erred by cohabitating with women because the orders for their arrest had not yet been issued. They must have been other Angels who had transgressed the laws in some way, and were paying a penalty. It is quite understandable that the early Christian Fathers would have been dismayed by this account of evil in 'Heaven', and that they would have declared the account apocryphal - if not blasphemous. The passage continues: [EN XXI:7-10 PP] And from there I went to a place which was still more horrible, and I saw another fearful thing - a great fire which burnt and blazed in a place that was cleft down to the bottom of the ravine, full of great, falling columns of fire. I could neither see its size or its extent; nor could I even guess at them. I said, 'How fearful this place is, and how terrible to look at: And Uriel ... replied: 'Enoch, why are you so afraid?: and I answered: 'Because of the fearsomeness of this place, and because of the sight of such suffering: And he said to me: 'This place is the prison of the Angels, and here they will be imprisoned for life: Enoch's visits to the prison areas, in the volcanically active ravines within Eden, have been emphasized because we believe that he was deliberately exposed to these unpleasant sights so that he could describe them to the apostate Watchers, down in the Lowlands, to whom he would later be sent; possibly to deter those who might not yet have succumbed to the temptation. Additionally, it is interesting to consider how much Enoch may have contributed to the Christian idea of Hell-fire by his accounts of these places of punishment. The use of these penal valleys in which, Enoch claims, there was so much suffering raises questions of considerable portent which cannot be ignored, if we are to understand the natures and, indeed, the spirituality of the Shining Ones. The Excursions of Enoch: The Garden in Eden A rather more pleasant excursion awaited Enoch when he was taken around the garden plantations. These are referred to by Charles as the 'Garden of Righteousness' - but, for what reason, is not clear. The Greek text, literally translated, meant 'Paradise of Justice: and we believe that this expression has to be accepted as an alternative epithet for the Garden in Eden. It may be that the penal establishments were still haunting Enoch, and that he tended to see the place in which he was living as a Paradise where Justice was dispensed - Paradise being a term, adapted by the Greeks, and meaning beside the gods'. [EN XXXII: 3-6 PP] And I came to Paradise, the Garden of Justice, and saw beyond the first trees, many large trees growing there. They were a glorious sight - large, beautiful and of a lovely fragrance - and among them was the Tree of Understanding, the fruit of which they eat and, thereby, obtain great purpose. The height of the tree is like a fir, and its leaves resemble the Carob [locust-tree, or false acacia]. Its fruits hang in clusters like grapes on the vine and are very beautiful; and its fragrance can be detected from a long way off. I commented on how beautiful and attractive the tree was, and Raphael, the Archangel who was with me, said: This is the Tree of Understanding; your ancestral father and mother ate of it, and it made them realize that they were naked; so they were expelled from the Garden: This passage makes it quite clear that the Garden of Justice, around which Enoch was being shown by Raphael, was also the Biblical Garden in Eden. Enoch also refers to the Tree in another, separate passage. [EN XXIV:3 - XXV:5 PP] And the seventh mountain was in the middle and was higher than the others, and that made it look like a chair; and fragrant trees surrounded the chair. Among them was a tree which was different from the others, with a scent that I had not known before. It had a fragrance beyond all fragrances, and its leaves and blossoms and wood [seem tollast for ever; and its fruit resembled the dates of a palm. So I said: 'How beautiful this tree is and how fragrant, and what a wonderful sight its leaves and blossoms make: Then Michael, one of the Archangels, who was with me, and who was their leader, answered me and said: Why do you ask about the scent of this tree, and why do you want to know about it?' I answered: 'I should like to know about everything, but especially about this tree: Then he told me: This high mountain whose summit is like the Chair of the Lord (in a sense) is his chair. It is where the Great Lord of Judgments, the Arbiter of length of life, will descend when he comes to inspect the cultivated land. And as for this fragrant tree, no human is allowed to touch it until the Great Selection; at that time, he will finally decide on the length of life to be granted. It will be given, then, to those who have observed the laws of Man and God. To those selected, its fruit will be a food, which is a means of life; they will be transferred to the Highlands, to the house of the Lord, the Arbiter of length of life. Then they will greatly rejoice and be glad. And into the holy place shall they enter; and its fragrance shall be in their bones, and they shall live a long life on Earth, such as thy Fathers lived. And, in their length of days, no illness, or pain of body, or torment, or calamity, or plague, shall touch them. Whether there were two remarkable trees in the Garden in Eden - a Tree of Understanding and a Tree of Life - is difficult to determine. To attempt a clarification, it is necessary to return to Genesis and the Hebraic text. [GEN 2:9 VB] And from the ground Yahweh Elohim caused to grow every tree that was pleasing to the sight and good for food, with the Tree of Life in the middle of the Garden, and the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Bad. The Hebrew term for Life: used here, was= hayyim. The singular form did, indeed, mean life, but the plural hayyim also meant 'health' and 'wholeness'. The term used for 'knowledge' was= da'at, a broad term suggesting technical knowledge, ability and understanding. The term for 'good' was .= tub; but this, again, was a broad term implying 'the best of what a person, or place, possesses', 'well-being: 'beauty' and also 'happiness'. On the other hand, the term for 'bad' was= ra " implying 'the worst in a person', 'ill-temper', 'discontentment', 'evil', and 'unwholesomeness'; in fact, Deuteronomy 28:35 and Job 2:7 use the term for 'boils' and 'ulcers'. From these determinations, it could be said that the Tree of Life promoted 'health' and length of life: and the Tree of Understanding or Knowledge distinguished between 'well-being' and 'ill-health'. That would imply that they were one and the same tree. But if that were so, there would be a problem with Genesis 3:22 which states (and we paraphrase to take account of the above expressions): [GEN 3:22 PP] And Yahweh Elohim said, Now that man has become like one of us with the understanding of well-being and ill-health, what if he should stretch out his hand and take also from the Tree of Life and eat, and have extended life. This passage suggests that there were two different trees because the term= gam meant 'also'; but if the writer meant 'again' rather than 'also: then it would be consistent with only one tree. The implication would be that occasional eating of the fruit of the tree gave health and well-being, but that the continuous use of it as food extended the life-span. Through the Tree of Life, the Leader of the Elohim, or the Lord of Spirits as he is called in the Book of Enoch, was able to promote well-being and to extend the life-span of those selected to receive the fruit. This selection was made by the Great Lord of Judgments, who made periodic visits to Eden to inspect the cultivations. In the next chapter we shall describe one such visit. On its own, all this would have had to be considered allegorical; but the parallel Sumerian account of the agricultural Settlement of Kharsag with its extensive orchards, peopled by the Anannage, who were undoubtedly long-lived, provides too solid a confirmation. The Great Lord of Judgments, who was obviously superior to the Lord of Spirits, equates with Anu, the supreme commander of the Anannage, who lived at Ba'albek and made similar visits to Kharsag to inspect the cultivations. This Great Lord was referred to, more frequently, by Enoch as the Most High, and later we shall be quoting from a passage describing a dramatic visit which Enoch made to his house. So far, apart from the Great House and the magnificent trees, Enoch has not mentioned any feature of the Garden in Eden, which assists with its identification with Kharsag; but we shall now put this matter to rights. An obvious feature of Kharsag, which would have to be mentioned by Enoch if Kharsag were the Garden in Eden, was the Reservoir. And Enoch does not disappoint us. Within the Garden, Enoch mentions a number of activities, which are apposite to this identification, but they require careful translation. Two of these refer to the water-supply required for irrigation. In each case, we shall first quote the passage verbatim, as Charles translated it, and then follow with a paraphrased interpretation. [EN LX:21 VB] And when the spirit of the rain goes forth from its chamber, its Angels come and open the chamber and lead it out, and when it is diffused over the whole earth, it unites with the water on the earth. This passage is only enigmatic if the translator fails to realize that the context is that of irrigation of plantations. The term 'spirit', again derived from the Greek word for 'air' or breath: represents the accumulation of air in the lungs; the 'spirit' of the rain is the accumulation of water in the 'chamber: or 'reservoir'. Our translation, therefore, is as follows: When the water is required from the reservoir, the angels responsible, come and open the sluice and let the water out. And when it has dispersed (as irrigation) over all the fields, it soaks into the ground: Enoch continued: [LX:22-23 VB] For the waters are for those who dwell on the earth; for they are nourishment for the earth from the Most High who is in heaven: therefore, there is a measure for the rain, and the Angels take it in charge. And these things I saw towards the Garden of Righteousness. Here, the revised translation is: 'For these waters are for the benefit of those who live off the land; they are irrigation for the land, planned by the Most High who lives in the Highlands. Therefore, there has to be a measure of the rainfall, and the angels are responsible for keeping a record of the rain-gauge. These things I saw around the Garden in Eden: Enoch was certainly aware that there was a reservoir available for supplying irrigation to the plantations. A third passage on angel activities in the Garden involved measurement of a different kind. [EN LXI:1-2 VB] And I saw in those days how long cords were given to the Angels, and they took themselves wings and flew, and went towards the north. And I asked an Angel, saying unto him: Why have these taken cords and gone off?' And he said to me: They have gone to measure: A natural paraphrase reads: Then I saw how long measuring "tapes" were given to some of the angels and they hurried off towards the north. So I asked the angel with me why the others had taken tapes and gone away, and he replied, 'They have gone to make a survey:' We have deliberately ignored the reference to wings and flying, which occurs in the verbatim text, because this is open to a number of interpretations. In modern usage, we still say 'I must fly' or 'he took wings' when referring to a state of haste, though whether this is applicable here, we cannot say. The reference to measuring in relation to surveying is a homely one for the author. While surveying in the high country of South Iran, I was often asked by curious tribesmen what I was doing with my plane-table, my range-finder and my linen tapes. The only answer that could be reasonably given to one who had no concept of mapping, was: 'I am measuring: In the context of the simplest operation, it was the only phrase which could readily be understood by the untutored hills-man - but often the answer only served to fan the curiosity. 'But what is the Agha measuring?' he would riposte. And the only honest answer, The distance between those two far-off mountains; only served to confirm the tribesman's conviction that all foreigners were mad. In the context of the Garden in Eden, measurement would have been an essential part of a well-organized, agricultural operation; and particularly as the Kharsag epics refer to the laying out of the rectilinear irrigation system in relationship to the positions of the Sun. In addition to the Great House and the Reservoir, there was one other edifice at Kharsag, which should have drawn Enoch's attention in the Garden in Eden. Without it, it would be quite impossible to state with any assurance that the places were one and the same. With it, all the loose ends fall into place, and the argument is complete. This edifice was the Building of Knowledge in which Ninkharsag and her teams of Serpent scientists researched the ecology of the area, and devised cures for the various plant diseases that they discovered. Enoch was wide-awake. [SE XIX:I-S PP] After this, the men brought me to the sixth haven, and there I saw seven groups of Angels, very bright and wonderful, with their faces shining brighter than the Sun. They were brilliant, and all dressed alike and looked alike. Some of these Angels study the movements of the Stars, the Sun and the Moon, and record the peaceful order of the World. Other Angels, there, undertake teaching and give instruction in clear and melodious voices. These are the Archangels who are promoted over the ordinary Angels. They are responsible for recording (and studying) the fauna and the flora in both the Highlands and the Lowlands. There are Angels who record the seasons and the years; others who study the rivers and the seas; others who study the fruits of the Lowlands, and the plants and herbs which give nourishment to men and beasts. And there Angels study Mankind and record the behaviour of men, and how they live. This record of the sixth place to which Enoch was taken within Eden is the fullest statement that we have, anywhere, of the actual daily activities of the Angels/Anannage in the Settlement of Eden/Kharsag. And the extraordinary conclusion, which we find that we cannot avoid, is that these activities appear to be compatible with the scientific interests of an exploration expedition into unknown country. Its members appear to have been studying every facet of science, which such an expedition would require - from geology to botany, and from astronomy to anthropology. The passage goes even further, and provides a rational explanation for the religious concept of the Recording Angel and the writing down of the good, and bad, deeds of men. From this account, we can now understand that these angel investigators were only observing Mankind from anthropological, genetic and psychological viewpoints - they were not concerned with 'guilt' or 'original sin, which can now be seen as superimpositions by later, misunderstanding, religious interpreters. https://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/enoch_chronicals_01.php Kramer may be right when he claims that 'History begun at Sumer'. But Prehistory, and prehistorical science in particular, began at Kharsag in Eden - and for our knowledge of this, we can thank Enoch and the scribes of Sumer. Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole - https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole. Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962 - https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html Its Called ? Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth Quran Or Bible Or Waters Above - https://rumble.com/v3nxzhl-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-quran-or-bible-or-waters-ab.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth And Sun Moon Luminaries Part 2 - https://rumble.com/v3o0bk9-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-and-sun-moon-luminaries-par.html Creation is the most overlooked day in creation week story. It's important to understand the home setting that God created for Himself, the angels/spirits and for us. Join us as I explore the overall significance of day two on Earth, while also hinting at its eschatological implications nearing the end of the video. 1958 Encyclopedia Americana mention the dome above are flat earth in Antarctic. The same year the Antarctic Treaty was born, prohibiting free travel under the 60. south width. and the Sun is only 3,002 Miles Above the Earth Surface in the 7 layer of the Firmament from the water above and the water below. In 1956, US military aircraft proved that a dome covers the Earth at a height of 13000 feet (~ 4000 meters) of 90 degrees south (80. degrees). This is left out of all the new edition of this 1959 On Encyclopedia Americana Documents.. ‘Then God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters.” And God made the expanse, and separated the waters which were below the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so. And God called the expanse heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.’ Genesis 1:6–8 I know many have strong opinions about the Book of Enoch. Whatever your opinion may be on it, the fact remains, it was well known to the authors of Scripture, to the point where Jude even quoted directly from it, while under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. At the very least, it shows the mindset of the Hebrews (including the authors of the canonized text), confirming the belief they (and the entire Ancient Near East) had concerning the shape and nature of the Earth and its place in the cosmos: https://ia600300.us.archive.org/33/items/1611TheAuthorizedKingJamesBible/1611%20The%20Authorized%20King%20James%20Bible.pdf ENOCH AND THE STILL FLAT EARTH When it comes to the Book of Enoch, I know many want to dispute whether or not we should consider it canon, or even a valid source for deriving, confirming and/or elaborating on the canonized Biblical truths. Many commentaries have been written giving the various perceived pros can cons of doing so. For me, I have no need to consider it "Scripture." However, I do value it primarily because the authors of Scripture certainly did, even to the point of directly quoting from it, while under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. What Would Happen If The Earth Were Actually Flat How Everything Works On Earth - https://rumble.com/v3xj693-what-would-happen-if-the-earth-were-actually-flat-how-everything-works-on-e.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball What The Hell Happened 200 Times Collection - https://rumble.com/v2u2d94-proofs-earth-is-not-a-spinning-ball-what-the-hell-happened-200-times-collec.html Flat Earth 21 Questions And Answers Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth - https://rumble.com/v2u3emu-flat-earth-21-questions-and-answers-proving-strangers-guide-and-course-flat.html What Would Happen if the Earth Were Actually Flat ? Welcome To The Tartaria New Year Wow Its 2024. The Earth has yet again made a revolution about the sun. But not so fast. If you subscribe to the idea of a flat Earth, then you’d believe that no such thing happened, because the sun rotates in a circle around the sky.

Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Mercator's map from 1595 showing the Arctic continent, with the "Rupes nigra et altissima" ('black and highest rock') at its centre. The Rock is the site of the North Pole, captioned as the POLVS ARCTICVS. Gerardus Mercator's world map of 1569 reflects his reading of Cnoyen's Itinerarium. It also features a marginal note alluding to the Franciscan's "discovery", "we have taken [the Arctic geography] from the Itinerium of Jacobus Cnoyen of the Hague, who makes some citations from the Gesta of Arthur of Britain; however, the greater and most important part he learned from a certain priest at the court of the king of Norway in 1364. He was descended in the fifth generation from those whom Arthur had sent to inhabit these lands, and he related that in the year 1360 a certain Minorite, an Englishman from Oxford, a mathematician, went to those islands; leaving them, advanced still farther by magic arts and mapped out all and measured them by an astrolabe in practically the subjoined figure, as we have learned from Jacobus.The four canals there pictured he said flow with such current to the inner whirlpool, that if vessels once enter they cannot be driven back by wind." The Arctic map inset on Mercator's 1569 world map was the prototype for the influential and widely circulated Septentrionalium Terrarum of 1595, posthumously published by his son, and the maps in Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of 1570. Both show the same configuration of the arctic regions as the 1569 map. In his letter to Dee, Mercator further quotes Cnoyen's description of the Northern regions: "...In the midst of the four countries is a Whirlpool into which there empty these four Indrawing Seas which divides the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is 4 degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic stone. And is as high as the clouds, so the Priest said, who had received the astrolabe from this Minorite in exchange for a Testament. And the Minorite himself had heard that one can see all round it from the Sea, and that it is black and glistening. And nothing grows thereon, for there is not so much as a handful of soil on it." More interesting to modern researchers are the people the friar encountered, "pygmies" who may well be identical with the Skrælings referred to in old Norse texts about Greenland, predecessors of the modern Inuit. The John Day letter In 1956 a letter referring to the existence of the book was found in the Archivo General de Simancas (Spain) from the English merchant John Day to "The Most Magnificent And Most Worthy Lord - The Lord Grand Admiral" (presumably Christopher Columbus). written in either December 1497 or January 1498, John Day says, "...Your Lordship's servant brought me your letter. I have seen its contents and I would be most desirous and most happy to serve you. I do not find the book Inventio Fortunata, and I thought that I (or he) was bringing it with my things, and I am very sorry not [to] find it because I wanted very much to serve you. I am sending the other book of Marco Polo and a copy of the land which has been found [by John Cabot]… The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock"), a phantom island, is believed to be a 33-mile-wide black rock (Mercator actually describes the rock's circumference as 33 "French" miles) located at the Magnetic North Pole or at the North Pole itself.It purportedly explains why all compasses point to this location.comes from a lost work titled Inventio Fortunata, and the island features on maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including those of Gerardus Mercator and his successors.Mercator describes the island in a 1577 letter to John Dee: In the midst of the four countries is a Whirl-pool, into which there are empty these four indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the Earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is four degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare Rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic Stone [Jacobus Cnoyen] years ago. Gerard Mercator (March 5, 1512 - December 2, 1594) is a seminal figure in the history of cartography. Mercator was born near Antwerp as Gerard de Cremere in Rupelmonde. He studied Latin, mathematics, and religion in Rupelmonde before his Uncle, Gisbert, a priest, arranged for him to be sent to Hertogenbosch to study under the Brothers of the Common Life. There he was taught by the celebrated Dutch humanist Georgius Macropedius (Joris van Lanckvelt; April 1487 - July 1558). It was there that he changed him name, adapting the Latin term for 'Merchant', that is 'Mercator'. He went on to study at the University of Louvain. After some time, he left Louvain to travel extensively, but returned in 1534 to study mathematics under Gemma Frisius (1508 - 1555). He produced his first world map in 1538 - notable as being the first to represent North America stretching from the Arctic to the southern polar regions. This impressive work earned him the patronage of the Emperor Charles V, for whom along with Van der Heyden and Gemma Frisius, he constructed a terrestrial globe. He then produced an important 1541 globe - the first to offer rhumb lines. Despite growing fame and imperial patronage, Mercator was accused of heresy and in 1552. His accusations were partially due to his Protestant faith, and partly due to his travels, which aroused suspicion. After being released from prison with the support of the University of Louvain, he resumed his cartographic work. It was during this period that he became a close fried to English polymath John Dee (1527 - 1609), who arrived in Louvain in 1548, and with whom Mercator maintained a lifelong correspondence. In 1552, Mercator set himself up as a cartographer in Duisburg and began work on his revised edition of Ptolemy'sGeographia. He also taught mathematics in Duisburg from 1559 to 1562. In 1564, he became the Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve. During this period, he began to perfect the novel projection for which he is best remembered. The 'Mercator Projection' was first used in 1569 for a massive world map on 18 sheets. On May 5, 1590 Mercator had a stroke which left him paralyzed on his left side. He slowly recovered but suffered frustration at his inability to continue making maps. By 1592, he recovered enough that he was able to work again but by that time he was losing his vision. He had a second stroke near the end of 1593, after which he briefly lost speech. He recovered some power of speech before a third stroke marked his end. Following Mercator's death his descendants, particularly his youngest son Rumold (1541 - December 31, 1599) completed many of his maps and in 1595, published hisAtlas. Nonetheless, lacking their father's drive and genius, the firm but languished under heavy competition from Abraham Ortelius. It was not until Mercator's plates were purchased and republished (Mercator / Hondius) by Henricus Hondius II (1597 - 1651) and Jan Jansson (1588 - 1664) that his position as the preeminent cartographer of the age was re-established. Jodocus Hondius (October, 14 1563 - February 12, 1612) was an important Dutch cartographer active in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His common name, Jodocus Hondius is actually a Latinized version of his Dutch name, Joost de Hondt. He is also sometimes referred to as Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his sons. Hondius was a Flemish artist, engraver, and cartographer. He is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. Hondius was born and raised in Ghent. In his early years he established himself as an engraver, instrument maker and globe maker. In 1584 he moved to London to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. During his stay in England, Hondius was instrumental in publicizing the work of Francis Drake, who had made a circumnavigation of the world in the late 1570s. In particular, in 1589 Hondius produced a now famous map of the cove of New Albion, where Drake briefly established a settlement on the west coast of North America. Hondius' map was based on journal and eyewitness accounts of the trip and has long fueled speculation about the precise location of Drake's landing, which has not yet been firmly established by historians. Hondius is also thought to be the artist of several well-known portraits of Drake that are now in the National Portrait Gallery in London. In 1593, Hondius returned to Amsterdam, where he remained until the end of his life. In 1604, he purchased the plates of Gerard Mercator'sAtlasfrom Mercator's grandson. Mercator's work had languished in comparison to the rival atlas,Theatrum Orbis Terrarumby Ortelius. Hondius republished Mercator's work with 36 additional maps, including several which he himself produced. Despite the addition of his own contributions, Hondius recognizing the prestige of Mercator's name, gave Mercator full credit as the author of the work, listing himself as the publisher. Hondius' new edition of Mercator revived the great cartographer's reputation and was a great success, selling out after a year. Hondius later published a second edition, as well as a pocket version called theAtlas Minor. The maps have since become known as the "Mercator/Hondius series". Between 1605 and 1610 Hondius was employed by John Speed to engrave the plates for Speed'sThe Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. Following Hondius' death in 1612, his publishing work in Amsterdam was continued by his widow and two sons, Jodocus II and Henricus. Later his family formed a partnership with Jan Jansson, whose name appears on theAtlasas co-publisher after 1633. Eventually, starting with the first 1606 edition in Latin, about 50 editions of the Atlas were released in the main European languages. In the Islamic world, the atlas was partially translated by the Turkish scholar Katip Çelebi. The series is sometimes called the 'Mercator/Hondius/Jansson' series because of Jansson's later contributions. Hondius' is also credited with a number of important cartographic innovations including the introduction of decorative map borders and contributions to the evolution of 17th century Dutch wall maps. The work of Hondius was essential to the establishment Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in the 17th century. HYPERBOREA was a fabulous realm of eternal spring located in the far north beyond the home of the north wind. Its people were a blessed, long-lived race untouched by war, hard toil and the ravages of old age and disease. Hyperborea was usually described as a continent-bound land bordered on the north by the great, earth-encircling river Okeanos (Oceanus), and on the south the peaks of the legendary Rhipaion (Rhipaean) Mountains. Its main river was the Eridanos whose banks were lined with amber-weeping poplar-trees and its waters home to flocks of white swans. Blessed with eternal spring, the land producing two crops of grain per year, but most of the countryside was wild and covered with beautiful forests--the so-called "garden of Apollon." The southern border of Hyperborea was guarded by the bitterly cold peaks of the impassable Rhipaion (Rhipaean) mountains--home to Boreas (the North Wind) whose chill breath brought winter to the lands of the south. Its peaks were inhabited by gold-guarding Grypes (Griffins) and its valleys by the fierce, one-eyed Arimaspoi tribe. Beneath the southern slopes lay Pterophoros--a desolate, snow-covered land cursed with eternal winter. Hyperborea was a theocracy ruled by three priests of the god Apollon. These gigantic kings, known as the Boreades, were sons of Boreas (the North Wind). Their capital contained a circular temple dedicated to the god where hecatombs (a hundred-head) of asses were sacrificed in his honour. The people also celebrated their god in an eternal festival of music, song and dance whose hymns were joined by the sweet song of the circling Hyperborean swans. The realm plays a role in several myths. Phaethon tried to drive the chariot of the sun but lost control and was struck down by Zeus, sending his flaming body plummeting into the Hyperborean river Eridanos. His mourning sisters, the Heliades, were afterwards transformed into amber-shedding poplar trees on its banks, and his grief-stricken friend Kyknos (Cycnus) into a swan. Elderly Hyperboreans commemorated the event by leaping into the lake formed by Phaethon's fall to be transformed into white swans. Perseus later travelled to Hyperborea and was entertained by its folk when he was searching for the Nymphs who guarded the treasures of the gods, or else the Graiai--swan-bodied hags who could reveal the location of Medousa. Perseus' descendant Herakles made the same journey on two separate occassions. The first time was in his quest for the golden-horned deer of Artemis which fled north during the chase. The second time he sought Atlas and the golden apples of Hesperides. Another body of stories describes Hyperboreans as pilgrim-founders of several important Greek shrines. The Delians told a tale of how the pregnant goddess Leto came to the island from Hyperborea accompanied by a pack of wolves where she gave birth to Apollon with the assistance of Eileithyia who was summoned from the northern realm to further the labour. After this event, the Hyperboreans sent pilgrims to the island--five men and several maiden-priestesses. However, after several of the maidens were either raped or killed, the Hyperboreans ended the pilgrimage and instead delivered their offerings indirectly through neighbouring tribes and peoples. The next major shrine connected with the Hyperboreans was the oracle of Apollon at Delphoi. The second of the early, mythical temples of the shrine was said to have been built by Hyperborean pilgrims out of beeswax and feathers. When the army of the Gauls tried to seize the temple in historical times, phantoms of these prophets were said to have appeared on the battlefield, routing the army. Finally they appear in the myths of the founding of the Olympic Games. It was said that when Herakles--either the Daktylos or the son of Zeus--established the festival in honour of Zeus he made a pilgrimage to Hyperborea to obtain sacred wild olives for the shrine. The most famous prophet of the Hyperboreans was probably Abaris who was given a magical arrow by the god Apollon on which he flew around the world performing miracles. Some say this arrow was the one which Apollon had used to slay the Kyklopes (Cyclopes) which had been hidden beneath a Hyperborean mountain. Hyperborean Albion Timeline The Albion is the androgynous human template created from the twelve spheres of the Tree of Life which, during the fall of humankind, became buried in the lower dimensional fields of the earth, waiting to be awakened. This elemental structure of the primordial human template is located in the earth body, and is made from the Original Cosmic Blueprint. This original blueprint records the divine plan for humanities ascension to the diamond sun body, and holds the celestial records of humankind’s evolution throughout the Solar System. The Awakening Albion occurs in progressive stages, and the recent constellation transmissions are intelligently designed to stimulate the higher mind activation throughout the Albion body in the earth. This gently accelerates the shift in the mental body of the earth to reflect the higher mind consciousness which is reflected in the sequential stages of Awakening Albion. Recent transmissions that have activated in the planetary body open to communicate with the Silver Gate, the intersection gateway located in-between the Taurus and Gemini constellations. The states of evolution are related to the Universal Laws of Alchemy, which are transmitted from the Galactic Zodiac constellations. These transmissions move through the Sun to earth, as we move through the annual ecliptic. The stages in the Galactic Zodiac represent moving human consciousness evolution through the process of Spiritual Ascension, the process of humanity undergoing the spiritualization of the matter world. As we expand consciousness, we are connected to the Albion body, which acts as the consciousness representative of the entire human species, healing and integrating the 12 Tribes. As we awaken to our spiritual nature and oneness, we are contributing to the collective Awakening of Albion. The Krystic Avatars come to the earth through the Sirius B portal, and these Ancient Builder Races were the original engineers of many of the planetary grid networks, stone megaliths, dolmens, and many other geomantic structures found on the earth. Many of these geomantic structures exist in the parallel earth or in the higher realms of the future earth, such as 7D Gaia. We are in the process of descending many of these higher timelines, and the future architecture and instruction sets into the earth plane during this time. This is to activate previously dormant or inactive geomantic structures to be able to run and exchange living life current. and run the blue plasma fields. These are called chalice formations in the planetary grid. Chalice formations bring support to the earth and the local inhabitants, who can be replenished with this quality of blue plasma and vital life force. The Templar The planetary grid network is a living consciousness matrix that is encoded with the blueprint or original instruction set for the divine plan of humanities spiritual evolution. Much of our mission as Starseeds is to extract the alien machinery and fallen entities which obstruct, siphon or damage the energies in the planetary grid system. Deeply hidden in the organic matrix of our planet is the mirror image of the cosmic projection of our Galaxy of Stars, which is the multidimensional hologram of the Cosmos. When we are describing planetary grid work, we are describing the consciousness body (holographic geography) which is representing the map of the Galaxy on earth. When we consciously understand this interplay, we can help support consciousness evolution by dedicating ourselves as conduits to express the divine plan for planet earth. We currently refer to this level of participation or conduit, as a planetary gridworker. Over the ages the spiritual science of gridworking has also been referred to as the “Templar”. Templar defines a person who comprehends planetary architecture, and the math behind the geometries of earth consciousness that is built in the geomantic structures. Templars can sense how the spiritual-energy current moves in the earth and how to create or work with the geomantic structures to help increase or direct that energy for the greater good of the whole planet. Hyperborean Albion The Hyperboreans are the Root Races from 7th dimensional Earth known as Gaia. Hyperboreans are important, because this was the timeline of the original trauma of the "fall" that happened to the human race. This is where the split in time occurred and this is when the Moon was brought to the planet, as its companion satellite to manage the gravitational field. As a result, many of us on the earth will feel the pain of the separation created during the timeline of the fall from divinity, that marked the begininng of the dark age for humanity. The Hyperborean period on Gaia was humanities Golden Age. This level of monadic identity was fully connected and fully embodied in Christ Consciousness. When the electric wars happened to the Hyperboreans, they were split apart from their higher spiritual counterparts in Polaris. On the 7D Gaian body, which is the monadic body of the planet Earth, the Hyperboreans existed as a part of the history of seedings in the human root race cycles. Currently that consciousness memory from the Hyperborean timelnes has an access point made in the earth timelines, in the northern part of our planet in the United Kingdom. When these timelines open and bleed through into this reality, they interfere with the reversal networks that are running in that ley line system. With the latest transmission of Galactic Law, the planet is intersecting with the Hyperboreans timelines in the 7th dimension, which are the original histories of humanities fall from the Edenic state. The current Aeonic Pairs (hierogamic unions) are being taken out of the dimensional door of Transtime continuum (TTC) to experience the infinite space of God Worlds, in order to bring back that specific future timeline memory to this density of earth. The Albion body contains the collective memory record of the human experience in the 7D timelines on Gaia. The divine plan is to find and locate the pieces of the Albion body, which awaken the World Soul through the Galactic Zodiac and star transmissions. Ultimately, this integrates all the broken mirrors of consciousness back into the Albion body which then unites with the Cathar Body of Mother. This is the Alchemical Wedding of the masculine and feminine principle, which is the marriage of spirit and matter on the earth in this ascending timeline. As we expand our consciousness, our spiritual mission is to facilitate the preparations for this sacred union of the Albion and Cathar bodies, as we bring our witness to the ceremony that takes place during the Alchemical Wedding. The Alchemical Wedding is also called Hieros Gamos or hierogamy. The Albion body has consciousness centers that make up entire sections of his body which represent principles recorded in the earth to expand solar consciousness and beyond. When the Albion body is asleep, it exists in states of unconsciousness and generates darkness, understood as the dead light of the Luciferian consciousness. To Awaken Albion is also to rehabilitate the unconsciousness of the Luciferian forces (Fallen Angelics) on earth, to the self-realized higher consciousness of the Krystic Self in the Diamond Sun DNA that recognizes it is one with all things. Albion Code and Cathar Code The Albion is in the planetary body as a sphere and it is the exact replica of an original 12 strand DNA human, the first expression of a human being that is recorded within the planetary body. The Albion is comprised of the architecture of the Universal Law of Structure that manifests as the divine human body in the Universal Tree of Life. The Albion is within the core manifestation template of the human body, and the actual shape of that body is referred to as the Albion. The Albion is masculine in its principle, although it is genderless, it is a manifestation of the Law of Structure governed by the Cosmic Logos. The Albion exists as a cell in the body of the Solar Logos. Each of us exist as a cell in the planetary body. The planetary body is made in the image of the Albion, as it is connected to the 12 Strand DNA silicate matrix body. Each of the twelve spheres in the Tree of Life represents a part of the consciousness of the auric egg that makes up the Lightbody. The auric egg contains color waves within the spheres and these are known as the Cathar, which is the feminine principle. The Albion and the Cathar, represent the Holy Father and Holy Mother Principle united, as the Hieros Gamos, or the risen Christos-Sophia made manifest through the corrected or resurrected Albion. The Cathar is the mother principle of the sound, tone, music, and colors that fill in the Albion spherical architecture. The Cathar is the Holy Mother’s body which is the color tonal wave spectrum, and the living life code of the breathing Holy Spirit. The Cathar is Mother’s creation code, as the Albion is Father’s creation code, and both have to interact and interconnect in sacred marriage to birth the Christos-Sophia. As they unite in hierogamic union, Mother’s sound tones and Holy Spirit can bring color waves into the base template of the Albion architecture. This sacred union generates new balanced creations throughout the matter worlds, as matter becomes spiritualized through the animating force of the Holy Spirit. An Arctic Timeline : 1496-1962 The exploration of the North has extended over five hundred years and rather than finding a northwest passage to the eastern trade, it discovered a great fur trade and valuable fisheries, and even great oil fields. Early crews were often separated from their homes for years and some never returned. While hopes of finding a northwest passage was the initial objective, the ice conditions discouraged expectations of success. In the past, the problems of reaching the North Pole have been subordinate to the hope of finding, via that route, a water way to the east, and though the early north polar attempts failed in their main purpose, they resulted in the discovery of new lands and industries. Traveling in vulnerable wooden ships first powered only by sails, they gradually changed to powerful new and innovative vehicles and a commercial trade in the north was established. But even from the beginning of polar exploration the ships that sailed with orders to attain the North Pole have been in number and importance the exception, not the rule. Attempts to reach the North Pole itself followed using stronger ships with newer designs as a base for the dashes to the almost mythical prize. Balloons and the new dirigibles were tried, followed by airships and submarines. When the Pole itself was finally reached, it proved to be a vain goal since it was just a point on the ice above a moving body of water. The oceans of the Arctic basin and the frozen lands around it are now recognized as important study areas, and over the years virtually all exploration parties became directed toward studies of some kind. 1496: Henry VII granted "Letters patent" to John Cabot and his three sons to make voyages of discovery in "northern, eastern or western seas." The original charts and manuscripts of John Cabot and his son Sebastian have, for the most part, disappeared. 1576: Martin Frobisher's first voyage. An attempt would be made to reach Cathay through a passage to the northwest. Vessels used were two small barks, MICHAEL and GABRIEL. Frobisher, aboard the GABRIEL, crossed (now) Davis Strait between Greenland and (now) Baffin Island. They explored the vicinity of (now) Frobisher's Bay. They encountered Inuit, described as being "like to Tartars, with long blacke haire, broad faces and flatte noses and tawnie in colour, wearing Seale skinnes, and so doe the women, not differing in the fashion, but the women are marked in the face with blewe streekes downe the cheekes, and round about the eyes." On this first expedition, a rock was picked up as a souvenir in Frobisher's Bay and upon the expedition's return, the rock was assayed and said to contain gold. 1577: Martin Frobisher's second voyage to (now) Frobisher's Bay, under the auspices of the Cathay Company. The expedition was to continue the search for the Northwest Passage and to mine more of the 'gold'-bearing ore discovered the year before. The expedition remained in the bay for five weeks from 17 July to 23 August 1577 and mined about 200 tons of the ore. The AYDE, MICHAEL and GABRIEL returned to England, bringing an Eskimo man (Kalicho), woman (Arnaq) and child (Nutaaq) to Bristol. The man and woman died and were buried at St. Stephen's Church while the child died in London and was buried at St. Olaves, Hart Street. 1578: Martin Frobisher's third voyage to the Arctic. Commanding the AYDE, Frobisher led a fleet of fifteen vessels to (now) Frobisher's Bay. Over 100 miners from Cornwall and the Forest of Dean were to form a wintering party on a small island under the leadership of Captain Edward Fenton. Poor weather prevented the fleet from keeping together. Frobisher, together with several other vessels, sailed up what he called the "Mistaken Straightes," now called Hudson Strait. Most of the fleet was eventually reunited in the region where 1200 tons of "black ore" was extracted and loaded onto the ships. Upon their return to England, the ore proved to be worthless and the Cathay Company went bankrupt. Frobisher did not return to the Arctic but did retrieve his reputation firstly with Drake in the West Indies and later by his conduct as one of the main commanders of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada of 1588. 1585: John Davis's first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition, aboard the two small vessels SUNSHINE and MOONSHINE, made its first northern landfall on the east coast of Greenland. They sailed across (now) Davis Strait to (now) Baffin Island. They came ashore at (now) Cumberland Sound where two sledges were discovered "made like ours in Englande." Despite signs of inhabitants, none were encountered. 1586: John Davis's second voyage to the Arctic. The vessels MERMAID, SUNSHINE, MOONSHINE and pinnace NORTH STAR sailed up the west coast of Greenland and encountered the "people of the country" in the vicinity of Gilbert Sound, later named Godthaab Fiord. In August, they sailed westwards from Greenland, finding land on southeast Baffin Island. Two of the ship's company were surprised and killed by the "Savages" ashore. 1587: John Davis's third voyage toward the Northwest Passage. Sailing aboard the barks SUNSHINE, ELIZABETH and the pinnace ELLEN, Davis and his crews traveled up the west coast of Greenland, trading with the Greenlanders as they went. After reaching the relatively high latitude of 72° 12' North, Davis turned to the west and sighted Cumberland Sound on Baffin Island which he discovered on his first voyage. They coasted the south shore of Cumberland Sound and re-entered Davis Strait in latitude 64° North. They continued south with the Labrador current, passing a "very great gulfe" which was no doubt Hudson Strait. Upon reaching the vicinity of Labrador, they set sail across the Atlantic for Dartmouth. 1602: George Waymouth, sent by the East India Company, may have proceeded along Hudson Strait for a good distance. His vessel, DISCOVERY, is one of the earliest of a line of exploring ships bearing that name. 1610: Henry Hudson, aboard DISCOVERY, sailed westward for 450 miles through a long strait and into a great bay, both of which now bear Hudson's name. Hudson turned south and the vessel was forced to winter at the southern end of the bay because of ice. They escaped from the ice in June 1611 but soon afterwards a mutiny took place after which Hudson, his son, the sick and the Hudson loyalists were all set adrift in a boat. They were never seen again. Two of the mutineers were killed by the Eskimos at the western end of Hudson Strait while many others died on the voyage home. Stories related by the survivors were believable so all were left unpunished. 1611: Thomas Button sailed on the RESOLUTION, with the DISCOVERY in company. This voyage was to follow-up Hudson's discoveries. Two of the mutineers on Hudson's expedition, Prickett and Bylot, were among the ship's company. Part of the west coast of Hudson Bay was charted and Port Nelson, where they wintered-over, was named after one of the mates who was buried there. The RESOLUTION was crushed by the ice and sank. The DISCOVERY sailed north to what was called Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome, between Southampton Island and the east coast of America, before turning for England. A considerable length of coastline was charted on this expedition. It was also determined that no westward passage from Hudson Bay existed. 1615: Robert Bylot and William Baffin, in the DISCOVERY, sailed through Hudson Strait but found no passage northward through what became known as Frozen Strait. 1619-20: Backed by the King of Denmark, Jens Munk fails to discover the Northwest Passage. His two ships wintered near the site of the later Hudson's Bay Company post, Fort Prince of Wales, on the Churchill River. 1631-32: Two independent voyages are made through Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay in a further attempt to find a northwest passage through this route. Captain Thomas James commanded the HENRIETTA MARIA while Captain Luke Foxe commanded the CHARLES. James Bay, at the head of Hudson Bay, and Foxe's Channel were named after the two captains. 1668: The small vessel NONSUCH sails from London through the Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay. Her voyage opens a sea route for trade in furs with the local Indians. 1670: By royal charter, incorporation of the Hudson's Bay Company is established. King Charles II appoints his nephew, Prince Rupert, their Governor and grants the "sole trade and commerce of all those Seas Streightes Bayes Rivers Lakes Creekes and Soundes in whatsoever latitude they shall bee that lye within the entrance of the Streightes commonly called Hudson's Streightes, together with all the Landes and Territorys upon the Countryes Coasts and confynes of the Seas Bayes Lakes Rivers Creekes and Soundes aforesaid that are not actually possessed by or granted to any of our Subjectes or possessed by the Subjectes of any other Christian Prince or State." The vast territory, to be known as Rupert's Land, would comprise nearly 40% of modern Canada. Three wooden forts are built on James Bay in 1685. 1719: Provisioned by the Hudson's Bay Company, elderly Captain James Knight leads two ships in search of "minerals and to traverse the 'Strait of Anian.'" This was a mythical strait attributed to unreliable charts and globes of the time. They departed from Gravesend on the lower Thames in June 1719 and were never seen again. 1741-42: Commanded by Captain Christopher Middleton, the FURNACE and DISCOVERY sail for Hudson's Bay on June 8, 1741. The vessels winter at Sloop Cove, between the Hudson's Bay Company's fort, named after the Prince of Wales, and the recently vacated Old Factory on the Churchill River. The expedition set sail the following year towards the north where they navigated the uncharted and ice-infested waters of Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome (now Roe's Welcome Sound), between the west coast of Southampton Island and the east coast of North America. They reach a deep bay whose upper reaches touch the Arctic Circle. Middleton names it Repulse Bay as there was no passage there. 1746-47: An attempt to find the Northwest Passage is privately organized by Arthur Dobbs, a member of the Irish House of Commons. The expedition is supported by a group of merchants who form the North West Committee. Commanded by William Moor in the DOBBS and Francis Smith in the CALIFORNIA, the expedition "carried out some useful exploration in difficult conditions, but ... every move, it seemed was dogged by disagreement, ineptitude and controversy." 1770-72: On behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Governor of Fort Prince of Wales, Moses Norton, instructs Samuel Hearne to find and trace the Coppermine River to ascertain whether or not a route exists from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean via the continent of North America. According to the Orders and Instructions, Hearne is "to trace to the mouth, and there determine the latitude and longitude as near as you can; but more particularly so, if you find it navigable, and that a settlement can be made there with any degree of safety, or benefit to the Company." Hearne was accompanied by a group of Northern (Chipewyan) Indians, led by a chief named Matonabbee. The successful journey departed on December 7, 1770 with the women carrying heavy loads together with their infants. Meanwhile, the men hunted and sometimes ate while the women went hungry. They reached the Coppermine River on July 14, 1771 but found the river too dangerous to navigate. On July 17 they surprised a group of Inuit fishing on the river. The Chipewyan Indians showed no mercy towards the Inuit, massacring them and destroying their tents, kettles and every other provision necessary to sustain life in this harsh environment. Shortly after the massacre, Hearne reaches the mouth of the river. He found the vicinity "full of islands and shoals" with unbroken sea ice off in the distance. The tide was out so the water tasted fresh but the bones of whales and sealskins at the Eskimo encampment convinced him that he had reached the "Northern Ocean." As a consequence, he became the first European to accomplish this feat. The significance of this expedition was to prove that no passage existed through the American continent south of the Arctic Circle. 1776-80: Captain James Cook's third voyage of discovery, commanding HMS RESOLUTION and HMS DISCOVERY, with the object of finding the Northwest Passage via the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, "armchair cartographers" had drawn their maps and charts from theory, rather than surveys, which frustrated Cook and his officers while coasting southern Alaska. Cook's ships penetrated as far as Icy Cape on the coast of Alaska. This route into the Arctic, forged by the RESOLUTION and DISCOVERY, would later be taken by the ships of the Royal Navy. 1789: Alexander Mackenzie, a young partner in the North West Company, is driven by the need for a trading route to the Pacific after being displaced from the vicinity of Detroit due to the American Revolution. Mackenzie is accompanied by four French Canadian voyageurs, a Chipewyan Indian by the name of "English Chief," a number of Indian's wives and a young German, John Steinbruck. The expedition departs from Fort Chipewyan, on the southern shore of Lake Athabasca, on June 3, 1789. They reach a great river (subsequently named after Mackenzie), extending northward from the Great Slave Lake. The river is followed all the way to the Arctic Ocean which is reached on July 14, 1789, the same date as the outbreak of the French Revolution. 1792-94: Captain George Vancouver explores and surveys the northwest coast of America. It is subsequently proven that no navigable waterway exists between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in temperate latitudes. 1817: William Scoresby, a young whaling captain and son of William Scoresby, Sr., inventor of the crow's nest, makes a voyage to Greenland where he finds "2000 square leagues of the surface of the Greenland Sea, between the parallels of 74° and 80° North, perfectly void of ice which is usually covered with it." 1818: In command of the ISABELLA, John Ross makes his first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. Lt. Edward Parry, second in command, accompanies Ross in the ALEXANDER. Astronomer on the expedition is Captain Edward Sabine. They turn back at Lancaster Sound. 1819: In command of the DORTHEA, David Buchan seeks the North Pole via Spitzbergen. Lt. John Franklin is second in command aboard the TRENT. 1819-20: In command of the HECLA, William Edward Parry leads his first expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Lt. Matthew Liddon is second in command aboard the GRIPER. A Parliamentary Act passed in 1818 "authorized the [payment of] ... five thousand pounds to the officers and men of the first ship to cross the 110th meridian of west longitude to the north of America by sailing within the Arctic Circle." Parry was the first to qualify when they proceeded westwards along what is now called Parry Channel, passing 110° West longitude in September 1819. They subsequently reach and name Melville Island after the First Lord of the Admiralty. 1819-21: In conjunction with Edward Parry's voyage, John Franklin leads his first overland expedition to Point Turnagain, in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition ends in disaster with eleven members of the expedition losing their lives. 1821-23: In command of the FURY, Edward Parry leads his second voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. Second in command is George Lyon aboard the HECLA. The ice master of the HECLA dies of scurvy. 1824-25: Once again HECLA and FURY sail north under Edward Parry's command in search of the Northwest Passage. This, Parry's third voyage, would prove to be his final voyage to the Canadian Arctic. The FURY is grounded during a storm on July 30, 1825 and subsequently abandoned on Fury Beach at Somerset Island. 1825-27: John Franklin's second land expedition to the mouth of the Coppermine River. Together with John Richardson, he explores and maps more than a thousand miles of coastline from Coronation Gulf to Icy Cape, Alaska. 1827: On June 1, Edward Parry, aboard HECLA, leaves Spitzbergen on an attempt to reach the North Pole. Second in command is James Clark Ross. He reaches 82° 45' North and establishes a Farthest North that will stand for 50 years. 1825-28: The Admiralty dispatches BLOSSOM to the north Pacific. The expedition, under the command of F.W. Beechey, is instructed to await the emergence of Parry's HECLA and FURY into the north Pacific. Also anticipated is the arrival of Franklin's boats from his overland expedition. They reach Captain Cook's Icy Cape and proceed along the coast. Point Barrow is discovered and named after Sir John Barrow of the Admiralty, "to mark the progress of northern discovery on each side of the American continent which has been so perseveringly advocated by that distainguished member of our naval administration." 1829-33: John Ross's second expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition is privately sponsored by gin merchant Felix Booth. With the help of Eskimos, Ross and his crew survive through four Arctic winters. 1833: George Back, together with Richard King, leads an expedition to the Great Fish River in search of John Ross. 1837-39: A Hudson's Bay Company overland expedition is led by Peter Dease and Thomas Simpson. They survey most of the remaining unknown areas of the Northwest Passage. 1845-47: Tragedy befalls John Franklin and his men as he commands EREBUS and TERROR on a search for the Northwest Passage. Franklin is last seen by a whaling ship on June 25, 1845. Neither he nor any of the other 128 men would be seen alive again. Between 1848 and 1859 more than 50 expeditions are mounted to find him, with enormous sums of money spent on the search. The British Government spent approximately £675,000, Lady Franklin £35,000, the United States Government $150,000 and Henry Grinnell, president of the American Geographical Society, $100,000. 1848: The search for the Franklin expedition begins early in 1848. The First Lord of the Admiralty offers £10,000 to anyone who can merely discover what happened to Franklin and his lost ships, EREBUS and TERROR. The Admiralty proposed a 3-pronged attack from the east, west and south to find Franklin: two ships would enter the archipelago from the east by way of Lancaster Sound and Barrow Strait and then move west to Melville Island and Banks Land and then proceed south. (See James Clark Ross below). Two more ships would sail around Cape Horn hoping to rendezvous that July in Bering Strait to explore the western Arctic. (See Pullen below). Finally, a land expedition would travel to the Canadian northwest and follow the Mackenzie River north to the Arctic coast and then eastward along the rim of Wallaston Land and Victoria Land (See John Richardson below). It was expected that both of the naval expeditions would meet up with the land expedition. 1848-49: James Clark Ross, now at the end of his career, is instructed to follow Franklin's route through Barrow Strait and then south or southwest in search of the lost expedition. His two senior officers, Leopold M'Clintock and Robert McClure, will become Arctic heroes. The expedition ships, ENTERPRISE and INVESTIGATOR, are blocked by impassable ice north of Somerset Island. They are frozen in for eleven months at Port Leopold on the northwest tip of the island. They return to England, both officers and men having suffered badly from scurvy. Six of his company of sixty-four die on the expedition. 1848-51: John Richardson, at the age of sixty, leaves his family and embarks from Liverpool for North America in search of his old friend, John Franklin. Dr. John Rae is second in command of the overland expedition. After lodging together at Fort Confidence during the winter of 1848-49, Richardson returns to England, leaving Rae to follow the Mackenzie River to the Arctic coast and then explore eastward along the rim of Wallaston Land and Victoria Land. On Rae's third journey into the Arctic (now 1851), he proves that Wallaston Land and Victoria Lands are actually one and the same. Two fragments of wood are found that clearly came from a Royal Navy vessel. It would be years before anyone realized that they were most certainly from one of the Franklin expedition ships. 1848-51: Lt. W.J.S. Pullen commanding the expedition vessel HMS HERALD, together with the PLOVER and NANCY, reach Bering Strait. From here, he commands 5 small boats in an effort to go east, exploring the Arctic coastline to the Mackenzie Delta. 1850-55: Upon Ross's return from the Arctic in 1849, ENTERPRISE and INVESTIGATOR are overhauled and re-commissioned with Captain Richard Collinson commanding ENTERPRISE and Robert McClure, Collinson's junior officer, commanding INVESTIGATOR. Captain Kellett, in the PLOVER, is to accompany them as far as the Bering Strait. The ships become separated on the long voyage around Cape Horn into the western Pacific. McClure and INVESTIGATOR arrive first, but Collinson and ENTERPRISE arrive too late in the season to follow McClure into the strait. McClure enters the passage from the west, exploring the coastline and Banks Island. Trapped in the ice, they are forced to abandon ship at Mercy Bay on the north end of Banks Island. They would be rescued by Edward Belcher (see below) in 1853. By walking over the ice to Beechey Island, they technically become the first to complete the Northwest Passage. Meanwhile, after wintering in Hong Kong, Collinson joins the search. They explore along the coastline past the Mackenzie Delta, then turn north and explore the vicinity of Banks Island. The ENTERPRISE enters Prince of Wales Strait, which lies between Banks Island and Victoria Island, and at the Princess Royal Islands they discover that McClure had already been there. They proceed south and explore along the southern coastline of Victoria Island as far as Cambridge Bay, near King William Island, after which they retrace their course to England. IN 1850, ELEVEN SHIPS STRIKE OUT FOR LANCASTER SOUND AND THE EASTERN ARCTIC IN THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN: 1850-55: Ten vessels strike out for Lancaster Sound and the eastern Arctic in search of the Franklin Expedition. They all aimed to explore Wellington Channel, the northward-leading waterway between Cornwallis and Devon Islands. Captain Horatio T. Austin is in charge of an official four-ship Admiralty dispatch. The four vessels, RESOLUTE, ASSISTANCE, PIONEER and INTREPID, are later joined by six others: William Penny, a famous whaling captain, commands the LADY FRANKLIN and SOPHIA; the Hudson's Bay Company outfits the schooner FELIX and its supply ship NORTH STAR for Sir John Ross to command; American shipping magnate Henry Grinnell purchases ADVANCE and RESCUE, turns them over to the US Government who in turn places them under the command of Lieutenant Edwin De Haven. De Haven's chief medical officer is a sickly 29 year-old, Elisha Kent Kane, who would become the best known explorer of his time. The ten vessels were soon assembled at the vicinity of Beechey Island. Traces of white men wintering were everywhere, but no written records were discovered. The proof they were looking for eventually turned up when they discovered graves with inscriptions of three men from EREBUS and TERROR who had died that first winter. 1850: An eleventh ship, commanded by Charles Codrington Forsyth, leads a search for Franklin to the eastern Arctic. Privately funded by Lady Franklin, Forsyth commands Lady Franklin's own ship, PRINCE ALBERT, with instructions to head southward along the Prince Regent Inlet between Somerset and Baffin Islands. Unlike the Admiralty, Lady Franklin sensed that the solution to the whereabouts of her husband lay to the south of Lancaster Sound. 1851-52: William Kennedy, accompanied by Joseph-René Bellot, leads another search for Franklin. Lady Franklin privately funds the expedition. 1852-54: Sir Edward Belcher, a native of Nova Scotia and veteran of the War of 1812, leads a five-ship Admiralty expedition in search of Franklin, Collinson and McClure. Four ships would search in a two-pronged attack: ASSISTANCE and PIONEER were to search the Wellington Channel for traces of Franklin while RESOLUTE and INTREPID were to deposit supplies of provisions, fuel and clothing on Melville Island for Collinson and McClure. The store's ship, NORTH STAR, would remain at Beechey Island. Robert McClure is rescued at Mercy Bay, Banks Island, after having become separated from Collinson in ENTERPRISE in 1850. 1852: Edward A. Inglefield explores Smith and Jones Sounds. He returns to England with the false story that Greenland Eskimos had murdered Franklin. 1853-55: Elisha Kent Kane leads a second American expedition in search of Franklin. This would be a private venture funded once again by Henry Grinnell. The US Navy would supply the crew. The vessel used, ADVANCE, was from a previous expedition. The ship's doctor, a 21 year-old medical student, is Isaac Hayes. 1853-54: Dr. John Rae, sent by the Hudson's Bay Company to complete a coastal survey in the area of King William Land and Boothia, discovers relics of the Franklin Expedition in possession of the Eskimos. British authorities present him with the £10,000 reward for establishing the fate of the expedition. 1857-59: Lady Franklin finances another expedition in search of her husband. Francis Leopold M'Clintock commands Lady Franklin's yacht, the FOX, to Peel Sound, Prince Regent Inlet, Bellot Strait, King William Island and Montreal Island. Discoveries are made which confirm Dr. Rae's report of the fate of the expedition. 1860-61: Isaac Hayes, a despised rival of Charles Hall, leads an American expedition aboard the UNITED STATES in search of the legendary Open Polar Sea. He achieves nothing as his calculations were so inaccurate that they were never taken seriously. It was a painful journey, but the Open Polar Sea proved to be a myth. 1860-62: American Charles Francis Hall makes his first journey to the Arctic in a search for any survivors from the Franklin Expedition. He discovers relics from Frobisher, dating to 1576-77. 1864-69: Charles Hall makes his second journey to the Arctic. He lives and travels with the Eskimos by sledge across Rae Isthmus to King William Island where he finds artifacts from the Franklin Expedition. 1871-73: Charles Hall's third voyage to the Arctic, in search of the North Pole aboard POLARIS. Hall would die under mysterious circumstances in November 1871. On the return voyage, half the crew of the POLARIS are stranded on the ice in a storm and drift for six months before being rescued by whalers. 1875-76: The British Navy appoints George Nares to lead their last attempt at Arctic exploration. Nares's first mate, Albert Hastings Markham, is a distant cousin of Sir Clements Markham. Lt. Aldrich sets a new record by passing Edward Parry's 1827 Farthest North. 1875: A young Austrian scientist and naval lieutenant, Karl Weyprecht, discovers Franz Josef Land. 1878-80: Lt. Frederick Schwatka of the US Army, accompanied by Col. W H Gilder, Harry Klutschak and Frank Melms, sail on a whaling vessel to Chesterfield Inlet, northwest Hudson Bay, in 1878. They winter among the native people and then set off on an overland crossing for King William Island in April 1879. They discover a route to the island via the Lorillard and Hayes rivers, arriving at King William Island on June 5, 1879. Relics and skeletons from the Franklin Expedition are found. Eskimo reports lead them to believe that Todd Island, rather than Montreal Island, was where a number of the last survivors died. Others reached the mainland, to the west of Richardson Point, where a box of records in a boat appeared to have been opened and dispersed by the Eskimos. 1879-82: Lt. George Washington De Long, of the US Navy, is in command of the Jeannette Expedition. The ill-fated expedition searches for the North Pole from Siberia. The vessel foundered off the coast of Siberia, never to be heard from again. Pieces of the JEANNETTE began showing up on the coast of Greenland in 1884. 1882-83: The first International Polar Year is established. Eleven nations pledge to establish fifteen new observation stations in the Arctic and Antarctic. 1881-84: Adolphus Greely leads an American expedition into the Arctic. The Greely Expedition (a.k.a. the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition) would be the American's contribution to the International Polar Year. This would be the remotest of all stations, situated at Lady Franklin Bay on Ellesmere Island, where George Nares's second ship, DISCOVERY, had wintered in 1875-76. Twenty-four men and two Eskimos, all under command of the US Army, would carry out scientific observations. Karl Weyprecht would participate as chief scientist. A task of the expedition would be to try and reach the Pole, or at least surpass the British record, and plant the US flag on a new Farthest North. The expedition was a disaster unlike anything seen since the loss of John Franklin and his men. 1886: Robert Peary attempts to cross Greenland but fails. 1888: Fridtjof Nansen successfully completes the first Greenland crossing. 1891-92: Peary's first expedition to Greenland. 1893-95: Peary's second expedition to Greenland. 1893-95: A new Farthest North is established when Fridtjof Nansen and Otto Sverdrup, in the FRAM, drift across the Arctic Ocean. 1897: Salomon Andrée, aboard the balloon EAGLE, attempts to reach the North Pole. His two companions are 25 year-old Nils Strindberg and 27 year-old Knut Frænkel. They depart on July 11 and for the next three days they struggle to keep the balloon aloft. On the morning of July 14, "the balloon rose to a great height but we opened both valves and were down again ... We jumped out of the balloon." The men were now faced with the task of walking back to land. On October 1, "We heard a thunderous crash and water streamed into the hut and when [we] ... rushed out we found that our large floe had been splintered into a number of little floes and that one fissure had divided the floe just outside the wall of the hut." Four days later they took refuge on White Island, off the northeast coast of Spitzbergen. Twelve days after that, entries in their diaries cease. Their bodies would not be discovered until Dr. Gunnar Horn, in 1930, unexpectedly came upon their camp. The ice had preserved their bodies in a extraordinary manner. 1898-1902: Peary's third expedition to the Arctic. His plans to reach the North Pole end in failure. 1899-1900: The Duke of Abruzzi leads an expedition to reach the North Pole via Franz Josef Land. A new Farthest North is established by Lt. Cagni. 1901-02: The first Ziegler Expedition, led by Evelyn Baldwin. The expedition attempts to reach the North Pole via Norway but ends in failure. 1903-05: The second Ziegler Expedition is commanded by Anthony Fiala. The expedition embarks from Trondheim, Norway but ends in disaster with the loss of their ship AMERICA. 1903-05: Roald Amundsen successfully completes the first navigation of the Northwest Passage aboard GJØA. 1905-06: Peary's fourth attempt to reach the North Pole. His attempt only succeeds in establishing a new Farthest North. 1907-09: Frederick Cook's expedition to reach the North Pole. Cook makes a claim of having reached the Pole in April, 1908. 1908-09: Peary's fifth and final attempt to reach the North Pole. Peary's vessel, the ROOSEVELT, sets a record latitude for a ship under its own steam (82° 30' N). In March 1909, after wintering over at Cape Columbia, Peary returns to cable news from Indian Harbour, Labrador, that he had reached the Pole. The claim came just days after Frederick Cook made his claim of having reached the Pole a year earlier. 1918-24: Following Roald Amundsen's attainment of the South Pole in 1913, Amundsen planned an eight year polar drift through the Arctic. Amundsen returned to Norway from the Antarctic aboard FRAM whereupon he became successful in war construction. He then turned to the Arctic with a new boat, the MAUD, in 1918 to set out on his original polar drift plan. Amundsen designed the MAUD to resist the ice and drift over the Pole. It became locked in the ice from 1918 to 1924 without achieving its objective. 1925: The Amundsen-Ellsworth North Polar Flight. Roald Amundsen and his men take off in two Dornier-Wals seaplanes (N-24 and N-25) from Spitzbergen on May 25, planning to explore the area between Spitzbergen and the Pole for the first time. Their plan was to leave one of the planes at the Pole and fly on to Alaska. After eight hours of flying, they ran short of fuel and had to land on an ice floe, 136 nautical miles short of the Pole. After compacting snow and ice to form a runway, one of the planes manages to take off on June 15 but had to be aborted at sea near North Cape, Spitzbergen. The crew was rescued by a sailing ship. 1926: On May 8, Floyd Bennet and Richard Byrd ostensibly fly to the North Pole, being the first to do so. However, it was later determined to be an impossible task in the unpressurized Fokker tri-motor. Despite the controversy, Byrd received a ticker-tape parade when he returned to New York and also received the Congressional Medal of Honor. In 1979, Finn Ronne, one of Byrd's polar companions in the Antarctic, revealed that Byrd himself admitted to coming no closer than 150 miles of the Pole. 1926: On May 11, the dirigible NORGE, commanded by Umberto Nobile, embarks from Kings Harbour, Spitzbergen, on a flight for the Pole. This Amundsen-Ellsworth North Polar flight reaches the Pole in the early hours of May 12, Ellsworth's birthday. They fly on and land in Alaska at 8:30 p.m. local time on May 13 (May 14, 7:30 a.m. GMT). The quest for the North Pole has been accomplished. 1928: Umberto Nobile leads an all-Italian expedition to the North Pole aboard the dirigible ITALIA. On May 22 the flight to the Pole is made in record time. On the return flight, the ship had become heavily weighted with ice. The sun became clouded over, forcing them to fly low through the fog to determine their position. On May 25, they were flying low with a "bit of a list to bow" and falling rapidly when suddenly the airship crashed. Part of the pilot's cabin was ripped away, scattering men and equipment over the ice. Six men were carried away with the gondola, which was still attached to the gasbag, and were never heard from again. During the resulting search and rescue, Roald Amundsen and four companions are killed in a plane crash. 1928: George Hubert Wilkins, with famous Alaskan pilot Carl Ben Eielson, flies across the Polar Sea from Point Barrow, Alaska to Spitzbergen in 21 1/2 hours. 1932: On August 10, Hubert Wilkins leaves Norway for Spitzbergen waters in an attempt to cross the Arctic Ocean by submarine. The submarine, NAUTILUS, is a decrepit American vessel built in 1916-18 and chartered by the expedition for one dollar. They suffer a series of mechanical failures but were able to make a few short dives. The attempted voyage under the ice to the Pole ended in complete failure. 1958: The world's first nuclear powered submarine, USS NAUTILUS, becomes the first submarine to reach the North Pole. At 11:15 p.m. on August 3, USS NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander William R. Anderson, USN, announced to his crew "For the world, Our Country, and the Navy - the North Pole." 1960: First transit of the Northwest Passage by submarine (USS SEADRAGON). 1962: First submerged transit of the Northwest Passage (eastward) by submarine (USS SKATE). Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends.

This video claims that historic cartographers knew about the landmass of Antarctica, which today, and for many millions of the years has been covered with thick ice sheets. The Piri Reis Map and the Philippe Buache maps were used as evidence by Charles Hapgood that the history and science of the south pole are wrong, and that there must have been an ancient civilisation that once mapped the lost continent and this knowledge was passed down through time. Well, as we’ve discussed, the Piri Reis Map is likely showing South America and the Philippe Buache map is hypothetical, as outlined by the cartographer himself. Neither map is evidence that Antarctica was ever ice free in human memory and certainly not evidence for a lost civilisation. But there is also a third map, known as the Orontius Finaeus Map of 1531 and here you can see a continent at the South Pole in all its glory. Those that promote this map as evidence for an ice-free Antarctica say it is at the correct scale, with key features as precise longitudes, which, if true, means it is a far better map of Antarctica than the famous Piri Reis map. So is it true? Did Orontius Finaeus show an ice-free Antarctica in 1531 and if so, how could this be? Watch the video to find out.

So Is It Fake The footage Of Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin NS-19 Launch And Landing From Inside The Capsule Is It Fake.? The NS-19 mission, which launched on December 11, 2021, was the first to carry six passengers, including television host Michael Strahan, space industry executive Dylan Taylor, investor Evan Dick, venture capitalist Lane Bess, and his son Cameron Bess, along with Laura Shepard Churchley, the daughter of astronaut Alan Shepard. The launch lasted about 11 minutes, during which the crew experienced approximately three minutes of weightlessness. The New Shepard capsule reached an altitude of more than 80 kilometers (about 50 miles) and returned to Earth under a set of parachutes, landing safely in the Texas desert. P.S. Remember The Earth indeed spins at approximately 1,000 miles per hour at the equator and this 11 mins. trip into space. The ground moved below this fake video moved away or spined 216 miles away from the take off point... but in 11 mins. it land on the ground at the same spot on the ground from the take off point? NASA & Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" Jeff Bezos Blue Origin's NS-19 Launch And Landing And 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. Also this video very funny part is... no one is wearing a space suit... Why ? In real-world scenarios, not wearing a space suit in space would be extremely dangerous. The vacuum of space would cause immediate issues such as boiling of bodily fluids due to the lack of atmospheric pressure. Additionally, there is a significant amount of radiation in space that a suit helps to shield against. Without a suit, a person would lose consciousness within 15 seconds due to lack of oxygen and would face severe bodily damage. In suborbital space tourism, passengers typically do not wear space suits because of the cost and practicality concerns. However, this increases the risk in case of rapid cabin depressurization, which could be fatal within less than a minute. In the context the "Space Suit Protection Depleted" warning indicates that your spacesuit's protection against environmental hazards has been fully depleted, leading to increased damage from environmental hazards and potential health issues like burns, lung injuries, frostbite, and other ailments. In real-world scenarios, a spacesuit is crucial for survival in space due to the vacuum's extreme conditions, which can cause immediate unconsciousness, boiling and freezing of bodily fluids, and exposure to radiation and micrometeoroids. The entire process was documented and broadcast live, ensuring transparency and authenticity of the event. Blue Origin NS-19 Is It Filmed In The Vomit Comet Plane ? The "vomit comet" is a nickname for aircraft used by NASA to simulate weightlessness through parabolic flights. This term originated from the Project Mercury era in the late 1950s, where astronauts were trained in a C-131 Samaritan aircraft, which later received the "vomit comet" name due to the nausea it could induce in passengers. NASA has used various aircraft for these flights over the years, including twin KC-135 Stratotankers until 2004, and more recently, a McDonnell Douglas C-9B Skytrain II since 2005. C-131 Samaritan: The original aircraft used for astronaut training in the late 1950s, which gave rise to the "vomit comet" nickname. KC-135 Stratotankers: Used by NASA from 1973 until 2004 for parabolic flights. One of these planes is now on display at Ellington Field, near the Johnson Space Center, while the other is stored at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. McDonnell Douglas C-9B Skytrain II: The current aircraft used by NASA for parabolic flights since 2005. These flights are not exclusive to astronauts; civilians can also experience weightlessness through companies like Zero Gravity Corporation, which offers flights on modified Boeing 727s. The Saturn V rocket experienced varying levels of g-force throughout its launch. It started at about 1.2g off the pad and quickly increased as atmospheric drag decreased and fuel mass was consumed. The first stage engines produced a maximum of about 3.9g, achieved by shutting down the center engine to limit acceleration. Afterward, the upper stages followed similar increasing acceleration curves but with less dramatic peaks. Blue Origin NS-19 Orbit Blue Origin NS-19 did not make any orbits around the Earth. It was a suborbital flight, which means it reached space but did not achieve orbit. The New Shepard vehicle carried six passengers to the edge of space and returned safely to Earth under parachutes. The flight was notable for being the first time Blue Origin launched six passengers at once. Blue Origin NS-19 Launch and Land Blue Origin's NS-19 launch and landing took place on December 11, 2021. The mission launched at 9:45 a.m. EST (1445 GMT) and carried six people, including Good Morning America anchor Michael Strahan, to suborbital space. The flight lasted for 11 minutes, with the capsule landing under parachutes shortly after the rocket booster returned to a safe upright landing. Blue Origin began its live coverage at 8:15 a.m. EST (1215 GMT) and you can watch the archived footage on their website or through Space.com. International Space Station Floats Astronauts float inside the International Space Station (ISS) not because there is no gravity in space, but because the ISS and the astronauts inside are in a continuous free-fall around Earth. This creates an environment similar to zero gravity, where objects, including astronauts, behave as if they are weightless. Despite being about 90% as strong as it is on Earth's surface, the force of Earth's gravity still acts on the ISS. However, since both the ISS and the astronauts are falling towards Earth at the same rate as they orbit, they experience a sensation of weightlessness. This phenomenon is also known as microgravity, where objects inside the ISS float or move uniformly as if no gravitational force acts on them. ISS Space Stanton Height The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 250 miles (402 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. Gravity at 50 Miles Up The force of gravity at 50 miles (approximately 80 kilometers) above the Earth's surface is only slightly less than at the Earth's surface. Specifically, the gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance from the center of the Earth, meaning that at 50 miles above the surface, the force of gravity is only about 3 percent less than on the surface of the Earth. This reduction in gravity is due to the increased distance from the Earth's center. The exact calculation involves the gravitational force formula, which shows that the force of gravity decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Hubble Space Telescope Height The Hubble Space Telescope orbits approximately 320 miles (515 km) above Earth's surface. It is in a low Earth orbit, which allows for servicing missions but also means it passes through Earth's shadow for about 25 minutes per orbit, during which time it relies on batteries to power its operations. Earth Gravity at 320 Miles At a distance of 320 km (approximately 200 miles) above the Earth's surface, the value of acceleration due to gravity is lower than its value on the surface of the Earth. Specifically, the acceleration due to gravity decreases like one divided by the square of the distance from the center of the Earth. Given that the radius of the Earth is about 6,400 km, the distance from the center of the Earth to an object at 320 km above the surface is 6,720 km. This means the distance from the center of the Earth to the object is 1.05 times larger than the distance from the center of the Earth to the surface. Therefore, the square of the distance is 1.1025 times larger, and the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 11.25% smaller at this altitude than it is at the Earth's surface. Thus, at 320 km above the Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity is roughly 88.75% of its value on the surface. Temperature in Space 250 Miles Up Space at 250 miles above Earth's surface is not hot or cold in the traditional sense because it is a vacuum and lacks air molecules to transfer heat. However, the temperature can be described based on the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), which is about 2.73 Kelvin (-270.42 Celsius, -454.75 Fahrenheit). In the vicinity of Earth, temperatures can vary dramatically. For example, the sun-facing side of the International Space Station (ISS) can reach about 121°C (250°F), while the dark side can drop to -157°C (-250°F). These extreme temperature fluctuations are managed by the thermal conditioning systems on board spacecraft like the ISS. Blue Origin New Shepard-18 Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission was the second crewed flight of the New Shepard spacecraft. It launched on October 13, 2021, from Corn Ranch, also known as Launch Site One, located in West Texas. The mission carried four passengers: William Shatner, Chris Boshuizen, Glen de Vries, and Audrey Powers. William Shatner, at 90 years old, became the oldest person to fly into space on this mission. The New Shepard vehicle used for this flight was the fourth iteration of the booster and the capsule named RSS First Step, both of which had flown on previous missions including NS-14, NS-15, and NS-16 earlier in the year. The New Shepard system is designed for operational reusability and minimal maintenance between flights, with nearly 99% of the system's dry mass being reused. Shatner was a guest of Blue Origin and did not have to pay for the trip, while the other passengers were paying customers. The booster landed successfully eight minutes after launch. It's worth noting that Ed Dwight later surpassed Shatner's record of being the oldest person to fly into space when he flew as a space tourist on Blue Origin's suborbital flight on May 19, 2024, at the age of 90 years and 253 days. The claim that no one has ever left Earth's atmosphere is based on a redefinition of the boundaries of Earth's atmosphere. According to a study published in 2019, the Earth's geocorona, an outer layer of the atmosphere composed mainly of hydrogen, extends much farther than previously thought, reaching beyond the moon's orbit. This means that even when astronauts were on the moon, they were technically still within Earth's atmosphere. However, it's important to note that this redefinition does not imply that humans have not left Earth's gravitational influence. The moon is well within Earth's gravitational field, and astronauts have indeed traveled beyond low Earth orbit. The Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometers, is commonly used as the boundary of space, and many spacecraft and astronauts have crossed this line. In summary, while the geocorona extends far beyond the moon, humans have traveled beyond Earth's atmosphere and gravitational influence in the sense that they have left low Earth orbit and traveled to the moon and beyond. Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Celsius Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a unit of measurement for temperature. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. In 1948, the 9th CGPM and the CIPM formally adopted "degree Celsius". Fahrenheit : Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) is a unit of measurement for temperature. In most countries during the mid to late 20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale. However, it remains the official scale of the United States, Cayman Islands and Belize. So The Melting Points of Metals Like A Satellite Hoax or A Tesla Electric Vehicles? Metals are known for their ability to withstand extreme conditions. Heavy loads, nonstop cycling, high impact, caustic environments and even high temperatures. Furnaces, combustion engines, jet engines, ignition nozzles, high-speed machinery, and exhaust systems are consistently subjected to temperatures that can cause certain metal types to melt. When selecting a metal for a high temperature application, several different temperature points need to be evaluated, and one of the most critical temperatures to know is the melting temperature of the metal. What is the Melting Temperature of Metals? A metal’s melting temperature, more scientifically known as the melting point, is the temperature that a metal begins to transform from a solid phase into a liquid phase. At the melting temperature, the solid phase and liquid phase of a metal exist in equilibrium. Once this temperature is achieved, heat can be continuously added to the metal, however this will not raise the overall temperature. Once the metal is completely in the liquid phase, additional heat will again continue to raise the temperature of the metal. Why is the Metal Melting Temperature Important? There are many important temperatures that a metal reaches as it is heated through either a metalworking process or as a result of the application, but the melting temperature of a metal is one of the most important. One reason the melting temperature is so important is because of the component failure that can occur once a metal reaches its melting temperature. Metal failure may happen before the melting point, but when a metal reaches its melting temperature and begins to become a liquid, it will no longer serve its intended purpose. For instance, if a furnace component begins to melt, the furnace will no longer function if the component is important enough. If a jet engine fuel nozzle melts, the orifices will clog and may render the engine useless. It is important to note that other types of metal failure such as creep-induced fractures may occur well before the melting temperature is reached, and research needs to be done beforehand on the effect of the various temperatures to which a metal will be subjected. Another reason why the melting temperature of a metal is so important is that metals are most formable when they are liquid. Metals are heated to their melting temperatures for many different manufacturing processes. Smelting, fusion welding, and casting all require metals to be liquids in order to be performed. When performing a manufacturing process where the metal is going to be melted, it is important to know the temperature at which that will happen so that the appropriate materials for the equipment being used can be selected. For instance, a welding gun must be able to withstand the ambient heat of an electrical arc and molten metal. Casting equipment such as dies must have a higher melting temperature than the metal being cast. Melting Temperatures of Common Metals These are the melting temperatures of common metal types: Aluminum: 660°C (1220°F) Brass: 930°C (1710°F) Aluminum Bronze*: 1027-1038°C (1881-1900°F) Chromium: 1860°C (3380°F) Copper: 1084°C (1983°F) Gold: 1063°C (1945°F) Inconel*: 1390-1425°C (2540-2600°F) Cast Iron: 1204°C (2200°F) Lead: 328°C (622°F) Molybdenum: 2620°C (4748°F) Nickel: 1453°C (2647°F) Platinum: 1770°C (3218°F) Silver: 961°C (1762°F) Carbon Steel*: 1425-1540°C (2597-2800°F) Stainless Steel*: 1375 – 1530°C (2500-2785°F) Titanium: 1670°C (3038°F) Tungsten: 3400°C (6152°F) Zinc: 420°C (787°F) *Alloys have more than one element, therefore their melting temperature is a range that is dependent on the alloy composition. Earth's Atmospheric Layers is Troposphere The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles). This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region. Stratosphere The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer. Mesosphere The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer Thermosphere The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372 miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer. Ionosphere The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere. This dynamic region grows and shrinks based on solar conditions and divides further into the sub-regions: D, E and F; based on what wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed. The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions. This region is what makes radio communications possible. Exosphere This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. Blue Origin New Shepard Flight Duration Blue Origin's New Shepard-18 mission, also known as NS-18, successfully launched on October 13, 2021, at 14:49. The flight carried four passengers, including actor William Shatner, who flew as a guest of Blue Origin. The rocket reached an apogee of 106.926 km, while the capsule reached 107.041 km above Earth's surface. The total flight time for New Shepard from takeoff to landing is approximately 10 minutes, with the passengers experiencing weightlessness for about three minutes. The time spent above 100 km, which is considered the boundary of space, is about 1 minute and 9 seconds. If the earth is spinning at 1000 miles per hour, how does a plane take you to a certain destination if it's traveling the same way of the earth’s rotation? In other words, how does the plane "catch up"? The other answers have pretty much covered the basics that everything within the atmosphere is moving at the same speed as the Earth itself. So it doesn’t matter which direction an aircraft flies, its speed is only relative to the earth and the Earth’s rotation doesn’t effect it at all other than the effect that winds have. But there is one thing that people, and this question, seem to get wrong. The Earth spins at slightly over 1000 mph only AT the Equator. As you move North or South the speed the Earth spins at decreases until you reach the poles where essentially you spin around essentially at zero mph. How does that work? There is a device that used to be very popular called a “Record Player.” Imagine that the Earth’s Northern or Southern Hemisphere is flattened like a record. The outside circumference is analogous to the Equator and the center is analogous to a Pole. When the record spins the circumference moves further and faster than any spot between the circumference and the center post. One full rotation of the record is equal to the length of the circumference while the distance travelled by the outside of the purple label in the picture above is substantially less. The Earth is exactly the same. I'm not usually one for simple answers, but I'm going to give it a try. The earth is like a basketball covered in a thick layer of molasses. Our atmosphere sticks to the surface of the earth like molasses to the basketball — not because of it's stickiness, but because of gravity. Gravity is a binding force that is associated with the massive density of the earth, which holds all things, living or dead, to that surface. People, cars, water, and even aircraft are stuck inside that molasses. Wherever it goes, we go. Even if we are floating of the surface of the ball, flying in an airplane, we're still in the molasses. But here's the thing. Because the molasses moves with us, we sense no apparent motion of the ball. There's no 1000 mph wind in our face. If we want to move forward, we only need to swim forward in the molasses. The same with backwards. The molasses will resist our motion whichever way we go, the same way air does in our face, so we can only move slowly,. But it does not matter if we move with the rotation of the ball or against it. We move with the molasses, which moves with the ball. So there is no need to “catch up". We're already moving with the atmosphere, and with the earth, which are all moving at the same rotational speed as one system We just need to move within that system to travel to our destination. We are buried deep in the molasses. All that matters is our relative movement within the molasses. The Earth indeed spins at approximately 1,000 miles per hour at the equator, but the way planes travel in relation to the Earth's rotation is a bit different than it might seem at first. Key Points to Understand: Relative Motion: The airplane is moving through the atmosphere, which is also rotating with the Earth. When a plane takes off, it doesn't need to "catch up" to a stationary point on the ground; it is already moving with the Earth’s rotation. Air Movement: The atmosphere is generally in motion as well. While the Earth spins, the air moves with it due to friction between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This means that, at cruising altitude, the plane is flying through air that is also moving with the Earth's rotation. Flight Paths: Airplanes follow specific flight paths that are influenced by wind patterns and weather conditions. For example, if a plane is flying west, it is traveling against the Earth's rotation, but it is still moving forward relative to the ground. Conversely, if it is flying east, it may benefit from tailwinds that help it travel faster relative to the ground. Time Zones and Travel: The Earth's rotation affects time zones, which is why flights that travel eastward (in the direction of the rotation) can sometimes take less time than the same distance traveled westward due to prevailing winds and the rotation of the Earth. Example: If a plane takes off from a point on Earth and is flying east at a speed of 500 miles per hour, it is flying in the direction of the Earth's rotation. The ground beneath it is also moving east at about 1,000 miles per hour, but the plane's speed relative to the ground is still 500 miles per hour. The plane may be slower than the ground speed, but it is still making progress toward its destination. Conclusion: In summary, planes do not need to "catch up" to the Earth's rotation because they are already part of the rotating system. Their speed relative to the ground is what matters for reaching a destination, and they navigate through the atmosphere, which moves along with the Earth. The plane doesn’t need to catch up. The plane, along with everything else on Earth, was already moving at 1000 mph (relative to an outside observer not on Earth) before it took off, and it retains that motion once its in the air. This is why an aircraft like a helicopter can’t take off and “hover” while Earth rotates beneath it. For this to be possible, the atmosphere would have to not be rotating along with the solid portion of the Earth. But we know that it is, because it would be ridiculous if it weren’t. There would be a constant 1000 mph westward wind threatening to blow everything away the minute it wasn’t firmly anchored to the ground. I have never observed this. Have you? Let’s take the hypothetical (and stupid) scenario of ground motion and air motion not being coupled together, and consider it from two different reference frames: Frame of reference of observers in air/helicopter Helicopter takes off and maintains itself as stationary relative to the air. The ground rotates underneath it, so that points that were westward of where the helicopter started, eventually end up directly under it. Frame of reference of observers on the ground The helicopter takes off and is immediately blown away westward by the constant 1000 mph wind. Again, I have never seen this occurring, because all components of Earth are rotating together, so their motion relative to each other is 0 mph. To elaborate: the motion of landed planes, and people, and the atmosphere, and everything else that is part of Earth, is 0 mph relative to Earth’s surface. Their motions are only 1000 mph relative to an external observer who is not rotating along with Earth. The Earth DOES NOT spin at 1,000mph. It spins at 15 DEGREES per hour, or roughly half the rotational velocity of the hour hand of a 12 hour clock. This is a distinction lost on flat Earth trolls. At the Equator, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 1037mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At 60 degrees North or 60 degrees South latitude, this equates to a tangential speed of shy of 500mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. At the North or South Poles, this equates to a tangential speed of roughly 0mph *relative to the centre of the Earth*. As to why you don’t hop and land two seconds later a few hundred yards from where you started: you share the same inertial frame of reference as the Earth and the surrounding space out past the heliopause (roughly 10 billion miles). To move within an inertial frame of reference you have to expend energy. If you jump up, in layman’s terms gravity pulls you right back down. Yes NASA & Elon Musk And Other's Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It's Looks So Fake" SpaceX Rocket & 1000s Fake N.A.S.A. Space Launched. NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. So Elon Musk and Donald Trump have been accused of spreading misinformation regarding NASA's operations and missions. Specifically, they have made claims about NASA astronauts being "stranded" on the International Space Station (ISS), which NASA and the astronauts themselves have refuted. According to NASA, the astronauts were not stranded but were part of a mission that required careful planning and safety assessments before returning to Earth. Regarding NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon, Musk has criticized the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket as "outrageously expensive" and a "distraction," advocating instead for a direct mission to Mars. Trump's administration has also shown a preference for Mars exploration over the moon, as indicated by the removal of a lunar rock sample from the Oval Office and the focus on Mars in Trump's inaugural address. The true claims about NASA's moon and Mars landing hoaxes are supported by evidence. NASA's plans and progress are subject to rigorous oversight and public scrutiny, and the agency continues to work on both the Artemis program and Mars exploration initiatives. In summary, while Musk and Trump have made statements that some consider misleading, the official stance of NASA and the astronauts involved does not support the claims of astronauts being stranded or NASA engaging in hoaxes regarding its missions. Is The Earth Actually Flat ? Open Your Mind Now ! Yes Elon Musk & NASA Are Lying To You - https://rumble.com/v637epz-is-the-earth-actually-flat-open-your-mind-now-yes-elon-musk-and-nasa-are-ly.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. Elon Musk SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax & Greatest Deception Of Our Time - https://rumble.com/v639ol2-elon-musk-spacex-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-and-greatest-deception-o.html So Elon Musk Said SpaceX Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax ? & NASA Greatest Real Deception Of Our Time. Inflatable Plastic Balloon Launched Satellite Today ! NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Elon Musk Said "You Can Tell It's Real Because It Looks So Fake" SpaceX Launched - https://rumble.com/v613fsh-elon-musk-said-you-can-tell-its-real-because-it-looks-so-fake-spacex-launch.html Why, in some of the videos of NASA's astronauts in space, are there air bubbles that rise from their suit? The "air bubbles" seen in some videos of NASA's astronauts in space are often not actually air bubbles, but rather water droplets. These droplets can form from sweat, drinking water, or other liquids that may have escaped from the astronaut's suit or equipment. In the microgravity environment of space, these droplets can appear to move in unexpected ways, including rising up from the astronaut's suit due to surface tension and other forces. It's important to note that these droplets do not indicate the presence of air or water in space suits, as space suits are designed to keep astronauts safe in the vacuum of space. What Spy Satellites Can See From Space Section 702 Intelligence Surveillance Act - https://rumble.com/v4yxrt6-what-spy-satellites-can-see-from-space-section-702-intelligence-surveillanc.html US Warrantless Spy Satellites Surveillance Of The American People's Under Section 702 Of The Foreign And Domestic Intelligence Surveillance And Spying Act. ACLU Statement on Congress Passing Bill that Massively Expands the Government’s Power to Spy on Americans Without a Warrant. This bill would reauthorize Section 702 surveillance for two more years without any of the necessary reforms to protect Americans’ civil liberties. How come these documentaries never go into detail about the Van Allen Belts? Like what kind of radiation? What about this radiation is lethal and will not allow us to go through it? They just make a statement and do not back it up. As far as the flag moving bit, I find it hard to believe that we would go into such intricate detail to make this look credible and overlook a majorly noticeable thing like that. As far as the footage from inside the craft, well they didn't prove or disprove anything, just formed an opinion and tried to pass it as proof. I'm not convinced we didn't go, I'm also not saying we did without a doubt go to the Moon, but this documentary provided a very weak argument. So NASA Decades Old Moon Landing Hoax Is When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps on the moon in July 1969, the world was suddenly split into two categories – those who believe the Apollo 11 landings, and those who don’t. We’ll investigate both sides of this debate – in fact 52% of the British public still believe the landings were an elaborate hoax designed to trump Russia in the space race! In this show we’ll search for a definitive answer by recreating the moon landing for ourselves, testing the various competing theories against each other. Featuring interviews with leading experts, conspiracy theorists, archive material and highly detailed reconstructions of the landing, we put this debate to bed once and for all. NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government - https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything... But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model and the view of the solar system. Both models are useful for purposes of history and knowledge. Biblical Flat Earth Exposing a World of Lies, Everything you know is Wrong. “I think that physicists need to be more involved,” he says. “There’s really no excuse for us to just sit back and laugh at them. Because while we’re laughing, they are recruiting people to believe these crazy things.” 81 Government & Affiliate Documents that admit Flat Earth It's A PDF Download. https://www.terre-plate.org/library/CIA%20NASA%20Documents/81%20Government%20_%20Affiliate%20Documents%20that%20admit%20Flat%20Earth-converted.pdf If a scientific conspiracy theory is funny, that doesn’t mean it’s a joke at all. NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax After Mentions Space Is Not Real - https://rumble.com/v3depjq-nasa-admits-apollo-11-moon-landing-is-a-hoax-after-mentions-space-is-not-re.html NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax in 1976 this was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. All files and computer tapes are now missing and launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, 1969. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module with a cabin for the three astronauts, a service module that supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water, and a lunar module that had two stages a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. All three astronauts spent 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, and 35 seconds in space and traveled a total of 953,054 miles. NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax Chinese Spy Balloon - https://rumble.com/v3dgrpn-nasa-admits-rocket-launch-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-chinese-spy-bal.html NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time! NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax - https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. The agency absorbed the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. NASA has since sponsored space expeditions, both human and mechanical, that have yielded vital information about the solar system and universe. During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program, with the Mariner program being its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets. NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program Is Faked Yes It's A Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dqlbc-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-1-the-space-program-is-faked-yes-its-a-conspi.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA has successfully launched 166 crewed flights, but three have ended in failure, causing the deaths of seventeen crew members in total: Apollo 1, STS-51-L (the Challenger disaster) killed seven crew members in 1986, and STS-107 (the Columbia disaster) killed seven more in 2003. The accomplishments of Apollo are among humankind's greatest, with six missions landing men on the moon between 1969 and 1972, the only time humans have ventured onto another celestial body. However, the program was marred by NASA's first tragedy on the ground (Apollo 1) and a near tragedy in space (Apollo 13). NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 Bonus Proof Stephen Hawking Is A Fraud Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dssxw-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-2-bonus-proof-stephen-hawking-is-a-fraud-cons.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA Admits To Best Fails And NASA Fraud Compilation Unrefuted Proof Of Wires - https://rumble.com/v3dxnnb-nasa-admits-to-best-fails-and-nasa-fraud-compilation-unrefuted-proof-of-wir.html There's a lot more proof of deception out there, but I wanted to compile the most obvious ones and keep them in one place. I'm discovering that a lot of the original links to such footage are no longer working as they are being deleted. The footage is from space channels, so they aren't just targeting truther channels with the deletion of entire channels. I will post the most up to date links, but some of the originals are gone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories One giant ... lie? Why so many people still think the moon landings were faked. https://drive.proton.me/urls/M2ADCKGT60#i17MPT9u7pOn Real ISS Space Station Maniac Conspiracy Theorists Think It Is Actually Underwater ! - https://rumble.com/v4c47q9-real-iss-space-station-maniac-conspiracy-theorists-think-it-is-actually-und.html The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission Is Not Real Conspiracy Theorists NASA-SOFIA - https://rumble.com/v4chck3-real-hubble-telescope-repair-mission-is-not-real-conspiracy-theorists-nasa-.html So Is The Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission True Or Is It Not Real ? Embark on an extraordinary journey through the captivating saga of the Under Water Hubble Space Telescope Pool ?, from its ambitious launch to the critical repairs in fake space. Explore the story of a tiny flaw that led to blurred images and the heroic efforts of astronauts to rescue this iconic telescope. It's a remarkable tale of human ingenuity, unwavering perseverance, and the relentless quest to unravel the universe's deepest mysteries. Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think It's Actually NASA-SOFIA Airplane - https://rumble.com/v4cmncu-real-hubble-telescope-conspiracy-theorists-think-its-actually-nasa-sofia-ai.html Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think Why is it that NASA has a plane called SOFIA in the sky with a telescope that can see much more into space than the famously known Hubble? Let’s start with Hubble: The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope (surprise!) in low-Earth orbit, launched into space in 1990 - it is a cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. It has a 2.4-metre mirror and instruments to observe the Universe in the ultraviolet, the optical and the near infrared. Using Hubble astronomers were able to peer into the distant Universe - much further than with any other telescope. Secret Behind Hubble's 100 Incredible Gorgeous Space Photoshop Extraordinary Etc. - https://rumble.com/v4cqa7i-secret-behind-hubbles-100-incredible-gorgeous-space-photoshop-extraordinary.html The Secret Behind All Of NASA's Gorgeous Space Photos Glowing, Whirling, Pinwheeling Wonder That Is The Spiral Galaxy! Bursts of gas & cosmic dust form one of the most iconic forms of Galaxies. Here's a look at a beautiful spiral galaxy, located 30 million light-years away in the constellation From the glossy, high-res photos, you'd think outer space is a diamond-studded smear of billowing clouds, mixing together like slick oil and rain in a swirling gutter with glass shards and flecks of concrete. All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Through My Telescope Moon Landing Was A Hoax U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v4cshlc-all-6-apollo-landing-sites-through-my-telescope-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-u.s.html All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax How They Do It Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v48btzf-evidence-nasa-faked-apollo-moon-landing-hoax-how-they-do-it-complete-video.html Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs. Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Is As Big As U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v3e0jrw-sorry-antarctica-were-closed-our-hidden-flat-earth-this-area-is-as-big-as-u.html Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole” According most flat earthers, there’s no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. In their imagination, Antarctica is not a continent, but a long ice wall enclosing the Earth. Without having anything to prove that assumption, they look anywhere for any quote they can mine and stumbled into this quote by Admiral Byrd “Strangely enough, there is left in the world today, an area as big as the United States, that’s never been seen by a human being. And that’s beyond the pole, on the other side of the south pole from Little America.” Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole - https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html This Is A Very Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962 - https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends. this is an ancient map of the north pole. The North Pole as a magnetic mountain goes back at least to Roman times. the North Pole as a magnetic mountain surrounded by a circular continent divided by four powerful rivers from maps Martin Behaim's 1492 globe shows, at the arctic pole there is a high magnetic rock, thirty-three German miles in circumference. A surging sea surrounds this rock, as if the water were discharged downward from a vase through an opening. Around it are islands, two of which are inhabited." Global History Of Communications and Satellite Hoax History Of Communications - https://rumble.com/v29oj62-global-history-of-communications-and-satellite-hoax-history-of-communicatio.html The Earth’s temperature range in Fahrenheit is from 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere to a global average temperature of around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) near the surface. The Satellite Melting Points Is ? ? ? - So 2000 Celsius = Is 3632 Fahrenheit and Layers of Atmosphere & High Radiation and Satellite Radiation Melting Points. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit ? 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax Man - Excellent Music an Video from Flat Earth Man - https://rumble.com/v29orjq-welcome-to-the-satellite-hoax-man-excellent-music-an-video-from-flat-earth-.html Welcome to the Satellite Hoax is an English language song and is sung by conspiracy music guru. Welcome to the Satellite Hoax, from the album Flat Earth Man, was released in the year 2018. The duration of the song is 5:48. Many of the technologies that we assume are space based, are in reality ground based systems. We've had the ability for a very long time to send messages across vast distances. We are not using space based equipment for the internet, nor for telecommunications, but we do use fiber optic and transatlantic cables, massive RF Towers, and bounce signals off of the atmosphere like with HAM radio signals. Space is fake, satellites are a hoax, and not what we are told they are. Nasa is a fraud of the highest order. Excellent & entertaining video Thoroughly enjoyed this video Question to Flat Earthers If we follow your flat earth model, who has the further distance from Earth the Sun or the Moon? If the Sun is far from Earth than the Moon, will you please explain the Lunar Eclipse phenomenon? If the Moon is far from Earth than the Sun, will you please explain the Solar Eclipse occurrence? If the Sun and the Moon have equal distance from Earth, why they didn’t collide? We can leave such persons to ponder the swirling of the water in their sinks and bathtubs—swirling that reverses direction when we cross the equator. https://samuel-lereah.com/articles/Physics/flat-vs-round-earth According to some UFO conspiracists, the Black Knight is an artificial satellite of extraterrestrial origin that has orbited Earth for approximately 13,000 years. Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth Vs. Black Knight Satellite Vs. Fermi Paradox The Great Debate - https://rumble.com/v3tkujr-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-vs.-black-knight-satellite-vs.-fermi-paradox-the.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth Quran Or Bible Or Waters Above - https://rumble.com/v3nxzhl-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-quran-or-bible-or-waters-ab.html Who’s Telling Truth About The Firmament On Earth And Sun Moon Luminaries Part 2 - https://rumble.com/v3o0bk9-whos-telling-truth-about-the-firmament-on-earth-and-sun-moon-luminaries-par.html Ultimate Field Guide 82 Extraterrestrial Species Iceberg Explained Alleged Alien Races https://rumble.com/v2lb5b8-ultimate-field-guide-82-extraterrestrial-species-iceberg-explained-alleged-.html In the story of the abduction and encounters with alien beings or humanoids in the history of ufology, there are, as reported by the various reports of the various police and military who are interested in the subject, lists of different types of beings who should represent various civilizations do not belong to the human, who were either vengoino still in touch with people on our planet. Taboo Conspiracy Of Nature's True Flat Earth Real Time 40 Schemes From N.A.S.A. https://rumble.com/v2dm0zi-taboo-conspiracy-of-natures-true-flat-earth-real-time-40-schemes-from-n.a.s.html Taboo Conspiracy and Other Video's Removed by ? Those channels have since been silenced by ? the other censor's and Nazis at Alphabet. lot's of people have provides time and time again, the very best proofs of our flat world, tests and experiments that completely debunk the heliocentric fantasy, and is also personally responsible for exposing the fakery in every supposed 24/7 sun in Antarctica video. He has certainly opened hundreds of thousands of people’s eyes to our false reality and for that, I’m proud to share his work here at new world order year zero. Flat Earth 21 Questions And Answers Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth https://rumble.com/v2u3emu-flat-earth-21-questions-and-answers-proving-strangers-guide-and-course-flat.html Proving Stranger's Guide And Course Flat Earth A comprehensive beginners course that thoroughly explains the answers to 21 of the most frequently asked questions about flat earth. Journey through the list from beginning to end while all the "loose ends" are tied up by the time it's over. Share with you friends, family and loved ones. The #earth is most definitely #flat and it is important for us to understand. Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax. NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html Flat Earth Vs. Round Earth 8 Ways Life Would Get Weird On A Flat Earth Conspiracy https://rumble.com/v2pu5k6-flat-earth-vs.-round-earth-8-ways-life-would-get-weird-on-a-flat-earth-cons.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball What The Hell Happened 200 Times Collection https://rumble.com/v2u2d94-proofs-earth-is-not-a-spinning-ball-what-the-hell-happened-200-times-collec.html Proofs Earth Is Not A Spinning Ball When a photo of spherical Earth is pointed out to flat-earthers, they will dismiss it as CGI in the blink of an eye; even if they haven’t done any analysis at all. They do this because their belief in flat-Earth is not evidence-based, and any evidence contrary to their beliefs needs to be invalidated no matter how. They are so used to doing it, and sometimes they become confused by it themselves, to the point that they would take the slightest hint of digital manipulation of any picture of the Earth as evidence of the flat Earth. Flat Earth 101 Channel - Episode 14 - Eclipse Of Fantasy - (Gerhana Fantasi) https://rumble.com/v2bq47m-flat-earth-101-channel-episode-14-eclipse-of-fantasy-gerhana-fantasi-w0w.html This is the number 1 question? - Flat Earthers hear, why would anyone go through this elaborate hoax? - The powers that be want to hide the truth of our existence at all costs as they do not want to have anyone/anything else in higher power than themselves. The majority of people believe they are descendants. NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program Is Faked Yes It's A Conspiracy https://rumble.com/v3dqlbc-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-1-the-space-program-is-faked-yes-its-a-conspi.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 Bonus Proof Stephen Hawking Is A Fraud Conspiracy https://rumble.com/v3dssxw-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-2-bonus-proof-stephen-hawking-is-a-fraud-cons.html NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space". After Atomic World War 3 Is Over Creation Of The Humanoids AI Robots Futura Lives https://rumble.com/v2im0dw-after-atomic-world-war-3-is-over-creation-of-the-humanoids-ai-robots-futura.html What would happen to planet earth if the human race were to suddenly disappear forever? Would ecosystems thrive? What remnants of our industrialized world would survive? What would crumble fastest? Life After People is a television series on which scientists, structural engineers, and other experts speculate about what might become of Earth should humanity instantly disappear. Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything. But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model. The number of pics allegedly taken by the Apollo astronauts during Extra Vehicular Activity on the moon were carefully studied by this photographic analyst for more than three years and when that number was divided by the documented hours and minutes each mission spent doing EVAs on the moon, the obvious conclusion was that it could not have been done. The photo specialist states: Here is my actual count of EVA photos of the six missions: Apollo 11........... 121 Apollo 12........... 504 Apollo 14........... 374 Apollo 15..........1021 Apollo 16..........1765 Apollo 17..........1986 So 12 astronauts while on the Moon's surface took a TOTAL of 5771 exposures. https://drive.proton.me/urls/M2ADCKGT60#i17MPT9u7pOn That seemed excessively large to me, considering that their TIME on the lunar surface was limited, and the astronauts. Unlike the number of photos, this information is readily available: Apollo 11........1 EVA .....2 hours, 31 minutes......(151 minutes) Apollo 12........2 EVAs.....7 hours, 50 minutes......(470 minutes) Apollo 14........2 EVAs.....9 hours, 25 minutes......(565 minutes) Apollo 15........3 EVAs...18 hours, 30 minutes....(1110 minutes) Apollo 16........3 EVAs...20 hours, 14 minutes....(1214 minutes) Apollo 17........3 EVAs...22 hours, 04 minutes....(1324 minutes) Total minutes on the Moon amounted to 4834 minutes. Total number of photographs taken was 5771 photos. He goes on to break it down by mission: Apollo 11........one photo every 15 seconds Apollo 12........one photo every 27 seconds Apollo 14........one photo every 62 seconds Apollo 15........one photo every 44 seconds Apollo 16........one photo every 29 seconds Apollo 17........one photo every 26 seconds So you decide. Given all the facts, was it possible to take that many photos in so short a time? Any professional photographer will tell you it cannot be done. Virtually every photo was a different scene or in a different place, requiring travel. As much as 30 miles travel was required to reach some of the photo sites. The Second Amendment is not about duck hunting…. It is about our rights, all of our rights to be able to protect ourselves from ‘All Enemies Foreign and Domestic’. This includes protections from a possible Tyrannical Government.” We The True People's Of The Worlds. Look At The U.S.A. One Dollar Bill Eagle Eyes Ball Its Is Not Round At All... Its Like A Cat Eyes Or Snakes Eyes... Look At The One Dollar Eyes... You Will See The Real Phoenix Bird Of U.S.A. Its Like A Slit () In the Eyes... P.S. This Is The Most Important 888 Videos You'll Ever See In Your Life Time About The Real 1776-2024 U.S.A. - America Is A Republic & It Is Not A Democracy That It Period ! Its Mind Control Turn Your TV Off Now... If You Want To Live And Save Your Family Life Today... Right Now Turn All TV Off In 2025 And May Peace Be With You. We at this channel would like to add this quote for everyone to open your own mind this year: Your body diet is not only what you eat. It is also what you watch, what you listen to, what you read, the people you hang out with and the things you subject your mind, body and soul too. Always be mindful of the things you put into your body emotionally, spiritually and physically. Thank You Everyone Who Watch Our 888 Video's To Help Other In 2025.

Central Vortex Real Flat Earth and the Black Sun and the Star Polaris and Equinox Lost Land on Ancient Maps - Book of Enoch 77-1-4 - book Inventio Fortunata, 1. The names of the sun are these: one Aryares, the other Tomas. 2. The moon has four names. The first is Asonya; the second, Ebla; the third, Benase; and the fourth, Erae. 3. These are the two great luminaries, whose orbs are as the orbs of heaven; and the dimensions of both are equal. 4. In the orb of the sun there is a seventh portion of light, which is added to it from the moon. By measure it is put in, until a seventh portion of the light of the sun is departed. They set, enter into the western gate, circuit by the north, and through the eastern gate go forth over the face of heaven. Contents from second-hand sources who saw the Inventio Fortunata describe an English priest who is driven to investigate the North. In his travels, he finds a place called the Ilse of dwarves which are inhabited by men with long feet. Further is in the book a vast continent at the pole that is divided by rivers moving so fast, they don't freeze at the arctic chill. At the center of the pole sits a black magnetic rock that is 33 miles around and to which all compasses point to. After leaving the land, the priest returns to England and gives the report to the king.

In 1947 Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal sent a naval task force to Antarctic including Admiral Nimitz, Admiral Krusen and Admiral Byrd, called Operation Highjump. It was an expedition to find “coal deposits” and other valuable resources, but in actuality they were trying to find the underground base of the aryans in Neuschwabenlandt. The nazis had done a very detailed study of Antarctic and were alleged to have built an underground base there. In this regard however, the aryans have had an underground habitation in Antarctic for more than a million years. They flew over as much of the continent as they could in the short three month “summer” period, mapping and recording magnetic data. Magnetometers show anomalies in the Earth’s magnetism, if there is a “hollow” place under the surface ice or ground, it will show up on the meter.” “Neuschwabenland is Ostantarktika coastal region, extending from about 12 ° West to 18 ° East and 70 ° to 75 ° South, an area of 600,000 km ². The name comes from Schwaben, the German ship to Antarctica Expedition 1938-1939. Neuschwabenland forms the western part of Norway supported the Queen Maud Land. This claim is not recognized internationally.” Secret Diary of Admiral Byrd THE FLIGHT TO THE LAND BEYOND THE NORTH POLE - A Copy Of Admiral Richard B. BYRD foreword by: Dr. William Bernard Ph.d., D.D. The reader of the following documentation should find a striking example of dire devotion. Especially when one considers that this log diary was written in the year 1947 in the months of February and March, under circumstances that evidently defied the imagination and credibility, for those times as any others. Here is dealt with the evident answers the origin of the so-called UFOs , as well as the Hollow Earth , or as the admiral described. The Land Beyond The Poles The reader will relive that period as he reads this document. To say it is fascinating is to place it mildly, but to read it now for yourself, I know that you will conclude, in the Admirals own words " Just as the long night of the Arctic ends, the brilliant sunshine of truth shall come forth again, and those who are of Darkness shall fall in its Light". DR. D.B. Admiral Richard B. Byrd's Diary (Feb. Mar. 1947 ) The exploration flight over the North Pole ( The Inner Earth My Secret Diary ) I must write this diary in secrecy and obscurity. It concerns my Arctic flight of the nineteenth day of February in the year of Nineteen and Forty-Seven. There comes a time when the rationality of men must fade into insignificance and one must accept the inevitability of the Truth! I am not at liberty to disclose the following documentation at this writing ...perhaps it shall never see the light of public scrutiny, but I must do my duty and record here for all to read one day. In a world of greed and exploitation of certain of mankind can no longer suppress that which is truth. FLIGHT LOG: BASE CAMP ARCTIC, 2/19/1947 0600 Hours- All preparations are complete for our flight northward and we are airborne with full fuel tanks at 0610 Hours. 0620 Hours- fuel mixture on starboard engine seems too rich, adjustment made and Pratt Whittneys are running smoothly. 0730 Hours- Radio Check with base camp. All is well and radio reception is normal. 0740 Hours- Note slight oil leak in starboard engine, oil pressure indicator seems normal, however. 0800 Hours- Slight turbulence noted from easterly direction at altitude of 2321 feet, correction to 1700 feet, no further turbulence, but tail wind increases, slight adjustment in throttle controls, aircraft performing very well now. 0815 Hours- Radio Check with base camp, situation normal. 0830 Hours- Turbulence encountered again, increase altitude to 2900 feet, smooth flight conditions again. 0910 Hours- Vast Ice and snow below, note coloration of yellowish nature, and disperse in a linear pattern. Altering course foe a better examination of this color pattern below, note reddish or purple color also. Circle this area two full turns and return to an assigned compass heading. Position check made again to base camp, and relay information concerning colorations in the Ice and snow below. 0910 Hours- Both Magnetic and Gyro compasses beginning to gyrate and wobble, we are unable to hold our heading by instrumentation. Take bearing with Sun compass , yet all seems well. The controls are seemingly slow to respond and have sluggish quality, but there is no indication of Icing! 0915 Hours- In the distance is what appears to be mountains. 0949 Hours- 29 minutes elapsed flight time from the first sighting of the mountains, it is no illusion. They are mountains and consist of a small range that I have never seen before! 0955 Hours- Altitude change to 2950 feet, encountering strong turbulence again. 1000 Hours- We are crossing over the small mountain range and still proceeding northward as best as can be ascertained. Beyond the mountain range is what appears to be a valley with a small river or stream running through the center portion. There should be no green valley below! Something is definitely wrong and abnormal here! We should be over Ice and Snow! To the portside are great forests growing on the mountain slopes. Our navigation Instruments are still spinning, the gyroscope is oscillating back and forth! 1005 Hours- I alter altitude to 1400 feet and execute a sharp left turn to better examine the valley below. It is green with either moss or a type of tight-knit grass. The Light here seems different. I cannot see the Sun anymore. We make another left turn and we spot what seems to be a large animal of some kind below us. It appears to be an elephant ! NO!!! It looks more like a mammoth ! This is incredible! Yet, there it is! Decrease altitude to 1000 feet and take binoculars to better examine the animal. It is confirmed - it is definitely a mammoth-like animal! Report this to base camp. 1030 Hours- Encountering more rolling green hills now. The external temperature indicator reads 74 degrees Fahrenheit! Continuing on our heading now. Navigation instruments seem normal now. I am puzzled over their actions. Attempt to contact base camp. Radio is not functioning! 1130 Hours- Countryside below is more level and normal (if I may use that word). Ahead we spot what seems to be a city!!!! This is impossible! Aircraft seems light and oddly buoyant. The controls refuse to respond!! My GOD!!! Off our port and starboard wings are a strange type of aircraft. They are closing rapidly alongside! They are disc-shaped and have a radiant quality to them. They are close enough now to see the markings on them. It is a type of Swastika !!! This is fantastic. Where are we! What has happened? I tug at the controls again. They will not respond!!!! We are caught in an invisible vice grip of some type! 1135 Hours- Our radio crackles and a voice comes through in English with what perhaps is a slight Nordic or Germanic accent! The message is: Welcome, Admiral, to our domain. We shall land you in exactly seven minutes! Relax, Admiral, you are in good hands. I note the engines of our plane have stopped running! The aircraft is under some strange control and is now turning itself. The controls are useless. 1140 Hours- Another radio message received. We begin the landing process now, and in moments the plane shudders slightly, and begins a descent as though caught in some great unseen elevator! The downward motion is negligible, and we touch down with only a slight jolt! 1145 Hours- I am making a hasty last entry in the flight log. Several men are approaching on foot toward our aircraft. They are tall with blond hair. In the distance is a large shimmering city pulsating with rainbow hues of color. I do not know what is going to happen now, but I see no signs of weapons on those approaching. I hear now a voice ordering me by name to open the cargo door. I comply. END LOG From this point, I write all the following events here from memory. It defies the imagination and would seem all but madness if it had not happened. The radioman and I are taken from the aircraft and we are received in a most cordial manner. We were then boarded on a small platform-like conveyance with no wheels! It moves us toward the glowing city with great swiftness. As we approach, the city seems to be made of a crystal material. Soon we arrive at a large building that is a type I have never seen before. It appears to be right out of the design board ofFrank Lloyd Wright , or perhaps more correctly, out of a Buck Rogers setting!! We are given some type of warm beverage that tasted like nothing I have ever savored before. It is delicious. After about ten minutes, two of our wondrous appearing hosts come to our quarters and announce that I am to accompany them. I have no choice but to comply. I leave my radioman behind and we walk a short distance and enter into what seems to be an elevator. We descend downward for some moments, the machine stops, and the door lifts silently upward! We then proceed down a long hallway that is lit by a rose-colored light that seems to be emanating from the very walls themselves! One of the beings motions for us to stop before a great door. Over the door is an inscription that I cannot read. The great door slides noiselessly open and I am beckoned to enter. One of my hosts speaks. Have no fear, Admiral, you are to have an audience with the Master... I step inside and my eyes adjust to the beautiful coloration that seems to be filling the room completely. Then I begin to see my surroundings. What greeted my eyes is the most beautiful sight of my entire existence. It is in fact too beautiful and wondrous to describe. It is exquisite and delicate. I do not think there exists a human term that can describe it in any detail with justice! My thoughts are interrupted in a cordial manner by a warm rich voice of melodious quality, I bid you welcome to our domain, Admiral. I see a man with delicate features and with the etching of years upon his face. He is seated at a long table. He motions me to sit down in one of the chairs. After I am seated, he places his fingertips together and smiles. He speaks softly again and conveys the following. We have let you enter here because you are of noble character and well-known on the Surface World, Admiral. Surface World , I half-gasp under my breath! Yes," the Master replies with a smile, 'you are in the domain of the Arianni , the Inner World of the Earth . We shall not long delay your mission, and you will be safely escorted back to the surface and for a distance beyond. But now, Admiral, I shall tell you why you have been summoned here. Our interest rightly begins just after your race exploded the first atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan. It was at that alarming time we sent our flying machines, the "Flugelrads ", to your surface world to investigate what your race had done. That is, of course, past history now, my dear Admiral, but I must continue on. You see, we have never interfered before in your race's wars, and barbarity, but now we must, for you have learned to tamper with a certain power that is not for man, namely, that of atomic energy. Our emissaries have already delivered messages to the powers of your world, and yet they do not heed. Now you have been chosen to be witness here that our world does exist. You see, our Culture and Science are many thousands of years beyond your race, Admiral.' I interrupted, 'But what does this have to do with me, Sir? The Master's eyes seemed to penetrate deeply into my mind, and after studying me for a few moments he replied, Your race has now reached the point of no return, for there are those among you who would destroy your very world rather than relinquish their power as they know it... I nodded, and the Master continued, In 1945 and afterward, we tried to contact your race, but our efforts were met with hostility, our Flugelrads were fired upon. Yes, even pursued with malice and animosity by your fighter planes. So, now, I say to you, my son, there is a great storm gathering in your world, a black fury that will not spend itself for many years. There will be no answer in your arms, there will be no safety in your science. It may rage on until every flower of your culture is trampled, and all human things are leveled in vast chaos. Your recent war was only a prelude of what is yet to come for your race. We here see it more clearly with each hour..do you say I am mistaken? 'No,' I answer, 'it happened once before, the dark ages came and they lasted for more than five hundred years.' Yes, my son, replied the Master, the dark ages that will come now for your race will cover the Earth like a pall, but I believe that some of your race will live through the storm, beyond that, I cannot say. We see at a great distance a new world stirring from the ruins of your race, seeking its lost and legendary treasures, and they will be here, my son, safe in our keeping. When that time arrives, we shall come forward again to help revive your culture and your race. Perhaps, by then, you will have learned the futility of war and its strife...and after that time, certain of your culture and science will be returned for your race to begin anew. You, my son, are to return to the Surface World with this message..... With these closing words, our meeting seemed at an end. I stood for a moment as in a dream....but, yet, I knew this was reality, and for some strange reason I bowed slightly, either out of respect or humility, I do not know which. Suddenly, I was again aware that the two beautiful hosts who had brought me here were again at my side. 'This way, Admiral,' motioned one. I turned once more before leaving and looked back toward the Master. A gentle smile was etched on his delicate and ancient face. Farewell, my son, he spoke, then he gestured with a lovely, slender hand a motion of peace, and our meeting was truly ended. Quickly, we walked back through the great door of the Master's chamber and once again entered into the elevator. The door slid silently downward and we were at once going upward. One of my hosts spoke again, We must now make haste, Admiral, as the Master desires to delay you no longer on your scheduled timetable and you must return with his message to your race. I said nothing. All of this was almost beyond belief, and once again my thoughts were interrupted as we stopped. I entered the room and was again with my radioman. He had an anxious expression on his face. As I approached, I said, It is all right, Howie , it is all right. The two beings motioned us toward the awaiting conveyance, we boarded, and soon arrived back at the aircraft. The engines were idling and we boarded immediately. The whole atmosphere seemed charged now with a certain air of urgency. After the cargo door was closed the aircraft was immediately lifted by that unseen force until we reached an altitude of 2700 feet. Two of the aircraft were alongside for some distance guiding us on our return way. I must state here, the airspeed indicator registered no reading, yet we were moving along at a very rapid rate. 215 Hours- A radio message comes through. We are leaving you now, Admiral, your controls are free. Auf Wiedersehen!!!! We watched for a moment as the flugelrads disappeared into the pale blue sky. The aircraft suddenly felt as though caught in a sharp downdraft for a moment. We quickly recovered her control. We do not speak for some time, each man has his thoughts.... ENTRY IN FLIGHT LOG CONTINUES: 220 Hours- We are again over vast areas of ice and snow, and approximately 27 minutes from base camp. We radio them, they respond. We report all conditions normal....normal. Base camp expresses relief at our re-established contact. 300 Hours- We land smoothly at base camp. I have a mission..... END LOG ENTRIES. March 11, 1947. I have just attended a staff meeting at the Pentagon . I have stated fully my discovery and the message from the Master. All is duly recorded. The President has been advised. I am now detained for several hours (six hours, thirty- nine minutes, to be exact.) I am interviewed intently by Top Security Forces and a medical team. It was an ordeal!!!! I am placed under strict control via the national security provisions of this United States of America . I am ORDERED TO REMAIN SILENT IN REGARD TO ALL THAT I HAVE LEARNED, ON THE BEHALF OF HUMANITY1111 Incredible! I am reminded that I am a military man and I must obey orders. 30/12/56: FINAL ENTRY: These last few years elapsed since 1947 have not been kind...I now make my final entry in this singular diary. In closing, I must state that I have faithfully kept this matter secret as directed all these years. It has been completely against my values of moral rights. Now, I seem to sense the long night coming on and this secret will not die with me, but as all truth shall, it will triumph and so it shall. This can be the only hope for mankind. I have seen the truth and it has quickened my spirit and has set me free! I have done my duty toward the monstrous military-industrial complex. Now, the long night begins to approach, but there shall be no end. Just as the long night of the Arctic ends, the brilliant sunshine of Truth shall come again....and those who are of darkness shall fall in it's Light.. FOR I HAVE SEEN THAT LAND BEYOND THE POLE, THAT CENTER OF THE GREAT UNKNOWN. Admiral Richard E. Byrd United States Navy 24 December 1956 OPERATION HIGHJUMP: 1946-47 EXPEDITION TO EXPLORE ANTARCTICA FROM THE AIR The celebrations surrounding the end of World War II had barely ended when the Cold War commenced between the Western Allies and their Soviet former partner. The war’s end also signaled the onset of the atomic age and a corresponding desire among the victorious nations to secure supplies of uranium and other natural resources. With its vast mineral deposits amid largely unexplored territory, Antarctica was considered a promising potential repository of those vital resources. As such, the United States sought to establish a presence in Antarctica and explore the frigid continent using naval and air assets. On August 26, 1946, chief of U.S. naval operations Admiral Chester Nimitz announced that a massive combined military expedition dubbed Operation Highjump would be launched into Antarctica in December during summer in the Southern Hemisphere. The operation involved 13 ships, more than 4,700 personnel and a variety of aircraft, including newly purchased helicopters. The naval contingent, known as Task Force 68, was commanded by Rear Adm. Richard H. Cruzen and Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd commanded the scientific and research elements, with six Douglas R4D-5L aircraft (Navy C-47As) at his disposal. After Admiral Byrd and his team established the Little America IV base near where three previous bases had been situated, aircraft would photograph as much of Antarctica’s land surface as possible during the three-month operation. Six Martin PBM-5 Mariner flying boats were to operate from the seaplane tenders Pine Island and Currituck, photographing the east and west coasts, while the R4Ds surveyed the interior. On November 12 Admiral Byrd stated at a press conference that Operation Highjump “was primarily a military mission to train naval personnel, test ships, planes and the new helicopters under frigid zone conditions. Develop techniques for establishing and maintaining air bases in Antarc­tic. A secondary objective was to increase knowledge of hydrographic, geographic, meteorological, geological and electromagnetic conditions of the area. The PBMs and R4Ds would play a major role in the objectives.” A second, unstated objective was to prove Navy capabilities to President Harry Truman, who sought reductions in America’s postwar military budget. The Soviets eyed the Operation Highjump announcement warily. One of their naval journals stated, “U.S. measures in Antarctica testify that American military circles are seeking to subject the polar regions to their control and create military bases.” The operation involved significant planning and equipment, from gloves, coats and provisions to tiny snow boots to protect sled dogs’ paws, and even a Christmas tree and Santa Claus suit since the ships would be at sea on December 25. Thousands of pieces of bamboo were carved and had orange flags attached to be used as route and landing zone markers. Task Force 68 consisted of three separate naval groups, each with a specific mission. Captain George J. Dufek commanded the Eastern Group, with Pine Island carrying three PBM Mariners. The Western Group, commanded by Captain Charles A. Bond, included Currituck with the other three Mariners. Admiral Cruzen’s Central Group and the aircraft carrier Philippine Sea, with Byrd as officer in charge, filled out the task force. The PBM flight crews were all inexperienced volunteers, having only had a month to train for the mission. One crew member characterized the flying as “no weather stations, inhuman landscape, traditional navigation aids useless, maps limited, knowing that the flying would not be safe. You were trapped in an aircraft for five hours, in zones where the weather changed minute by minute.” The operation also involved several Sikorsky HO3S-1 helicopters, capable of a carrying a pilot, three passengers and cargo, with a 360-mile range. The smaller Sikorsky HNS-1 accommodated a pilot and one passenger and had a range of 130 miles. One key aspect of the preparations was the construction of special platforms on the ships for the helicopters and hours upon hours spent practicing takeoffs and landings. Flying out ahead of the icebreakers to search for clear passages through the ice, the helicopters served as the eyes of the fleet. One helicopter was allotted to each of the icebreakers and one to the carrier Philippine Sea. Besides conducting reconnaissance, each was large enough to undertake rescue operations. Two helicopters would be lost during Operation Highjump. The Central Group was the command center for the operation. Its ships broke through the ice with the help of the Coast Guard cutter Northwind and the new Navy cutter Burton Island, which joined the operation later. Northwind was critical to the mission since the thick ice could crack open a thin-skinned ship like a can opener. Norwegian trawlers in the area reported the ice to be the heaviest in more than 40 years. Upon reaching the Ross Ice Shelf, the Central Group ships would disgorge the small aircraft, ice vehicles, supplies, tents and sled dogs. Then the men would move inland to establish Little Amer­ica IV, headquarters for Byrd and his six R4Ds. Getting the big Douglas birds to Antarctica presented a formidable challenge as, lacking the range to fly from a land base, they had to be launched from Philippine Sea. Each was outfitted with aluminum skis attached to the landing gear struts, with the tires providing a two-inch clearance between the skis and the carrier deck. In order to get airborne, each R4D was outfitted with four JATO (jet-assisted takeoff) bottles. It was a one-way trip to Little America IV since they could not land on the carrier and would be left behind when the operation was completed. The tail, wings and midsection of each aircraft were painted with bright orange stripes for enhanced visibility in case they went down on the ice. The Eastern, Western and Central group ships departed at different intervals and ports on both coasts. Northwind left Norfolk, Va., on December 2, headed to Antarctica via the Panama Canal. The ships stationed in the Pacific left San Diego, Calif., the same day. The Central Group and Philippine Sea did not depart Norfolk until January 2, 1947. The carrier was the last to arrive due to the construction of the base and airfield. Grumman J2F-6 Duck amphibians with the group performed reconnaissance, supply and, if needed, rescue and medical missions. Once the expedition ships reached heavy ice, the HNS-1 helicopter was employed to fly at 600 feet and act as a scout to radio where clear openings were. Safe passage involved ships operating at low speed, wending their way through the ice. The low temperatures made the air denser and increased the helicopters’ efficiency. Even so, 60 minutes of prep time was required to heat the fuel, oil, engine and remove any ice from the rotor blades prior to a mission. Operating from Pine Island, an HO3S-1 carrying Captain Dufek flew to Scott Island on a reconnaissance mission. During its return flight the rotor blades became so coated with ice that the helicopter crashed several feet short of the ship’s landing pad. The HO3S-1 was lost but Dufek and the pilot were saved before freezing to death in the frigid water. The first Central Group ships arrived at the Ross Ice Shelf on January 17. The next two days were spent searching for a site for Little America IV. Then the tractors, jeeps, M29 Weasels, bulldozers and other snow-track vehicles were unloaded. The base comprised large tents, weather equipment, Quonset huts, three packed-snow runways and one short runway made of steel matting. Lieutenant Jim Cornish had the honor of flying the first helicopter in and out of Little America IV. By the time Operation Highjump was completed on March 1, a dozen helo flights had been made to the base. On January 22, Philippine Sea lost an HO3S-1 helicopter when it was caught in strong winds on takeoff and crashed into the sea. The pilot was rescued but the accident was indicative of the hard lessons learned by pilots and crew in the early days of helicopters. The carrier was within 600 miles of Little Amer­ica IV on January 29, close enough for the six R4Ds to prepare for takeoff. The flight deck was only 300 feet long, but with the JATO assist the first aircraft, with Byrd aboard, was airborne in 100 feet. A second aircraft took off and both made it to Little America IV safely. As the weather closed in the next day, the remaining four R4Ds followed and reached the base with only an hour to spare before conditions deteriorated. Upon landing it was judged advisable to remove the aircraft tires and only employ the skis. During Highjump the six R4Ds completed 28 photographic flights and captured more than 21,000 images. The helicopters and PBMs also flew photo missions along the coasts. At the completion of the operation, more than 70,000 photos had been taken and over 1.5 million square miles of territory had been surveyed. “Our hope is that now we have the entire material to make a detailed map of all of Antarctica,” said Byrd. Flying in subzero conditions meant that the oil in each aircraft had to be heated, special fuel was used and the engines were warmed up for a long time prior to takeoff. Ensuring that all the ice was removed from the propellers, wings and tail surfaces was also critical. Besides photo equipment, each aircraft carried various instruments to search for mineral deposits and other geological features. On one of Byrd’s flights magnetic instrument pods detected a massive coal deposit. When a lake was discovered in a large ice-free patch of land, a PBM landed to scoop up water samples. The experiences of the PBM-5 Mariner George 1 were indicative of the difficulties airmen faced during Operation High­jump. The aircraft’s launch had been delayed for days by fog, snow squalls and heavy seas. Finally, on December 26, the weather cleared and allowed for aerial mapping of the east coast. George 1 was lowered over the side of Pine Island and almost immediately one of the launch boats crashed into a wing and damaged a pontoon. The Mariner had to be lifted back onto the ship for repairs. When the weather cleared again on December 29, George 1 was once more lowered over the side and took off with a crew of nine, including Pine Island’s skipper Captain Henry H. Caldwell, who was along as an observer. The other two Mariners were launched shortly afterward. Each PBM carried survival equipment consisting of 100 days’ worth of rations, skis, sleds, medicine, warm clothes and sleeping bags. After they had been flying for three hours, the weather took a turn for the worse. George 1 climbed to 1,000 feet to get above the snow and ice. Instead it became involved in what is known as an “ice blink,” with streams of snow reflecting the sunshine and making it difficult to see—similar to the reflections experienced while driving a car at night through a snowstorm. Unable to see the ground, pilot Ralph LeBlanc struck an object and tried to pull up, but the fuel tank ripped open and the aircraft crashed in a fireball. Two crewmen were killed instantly when they were thrown through the propeller blades. For 13 days weather conditions prevented any attempt to search for the downed PBM. Finally a search plane spotted burned wreckage and men on the ground. Their signal, painted on the wrecked Mariner’s wing, indicated that three of the crewmen were dead. Since it was impossible to land in the area, messages were dropped directing the survivors to make their way to the open water about 10 miles to the north. An aircraft marked the route with orange flags and then proceeded to parachute drop food, medicine and other supplies. The men successfully made the trek—a feat in itself—and were brought back to Pine Island by the rescue aircraft. George 1’s radioman Wendell Henderson, flight engineer Frederick Williams and navigator Maxwell Lopez had been killed. Pilot LeBlanc would lose both of his badly burned and frozen legs. In another dramatic incident, during a four-plane flight to map as far as the South Pole an R4D carrying Admiral Byrd almost met a similar fate. After dropping a United Nations flag over the South Pole, Byrd’s crew continued their photo mission. Suddenly one of the engines seized and they began to lose altitude. Facing the prospect of an emergency landing and difficult rescue, Byrd ordered any item that was not bolted down thrown out of the aircraft, save for the photographic material. The R4D slowly began to gain altitude and in the tradition of the tough Douglas aircraft arrived back at Little America IV and made a safe landing. As winter approached the weather deteriorated—only five days were favorable for flying in February. Soon the process began to shut down the operation and leave before the full force of winter set in. The R4Ds’ fuel, oil and other fluids were drained. Tail sections were dismantled and stored in the hope that a future expedition could reassemble the transports and use them again. Sadly, this was not to be. By 1958 the ice shelf on which Little America IV was sited had broken away and drifted into open water. The six aircraft disappeared. Among other losses, a PBM had been blown overboard off Currituck in a massive ocean storm prior to reaching the objective and disappeared in the high waves. A second Mariner suffered damage to its nose. The stars of Operation Highjump appeared to be the helicopters employed by the fleet. In his report, Northwind’s commander, Captain Charles W. Thomas, emphasized, “Helicopter best piece of equipment ever carried on ice vessels.” He further noted that “In a well organized ice convoy, the commander needs to know what his ships will encounter within the next day….Hence helicopter reconnaissance within a radius of twenty five miles was essential….Battering a track through 650 miles of ice in eighteen days would not have been possible without helicopter reconnaissance. Had the Task Group penetrated the pack without ‘eyes’ it would have arrived too late in the season to establish a base; then conduct an aerophotographic exploration of a hidden continent. In other words, the Central Group would have been obliged to turn about and get out of the pack before being able to erect Little America No. 4.” Operation Highjump was chronicled in a film shot by military photographers and narrated by Hollywood actors Robert Taylor, Robert Mont­gomery and Van Hef­lin, all of whom had served in the Navy during WWII. Released in movie theaters as The Secret Land, it won the 1948 Academy Award for Best Documen­tary Feature. Other operations would follow, including the U.S. Navy’s Operation Windmill in 1947-48, and eventually treaties were signed by all involved nations to ensure that Antarctica remained a nonmilitary zone.