The superior technology that saved the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Another key reason why the Eastern Roman often also called Byzantine Empire survived so incredibly long, was besides the excellent fortification and location of Constantinople, a technology that would allow the Eastern Romans to have the upper hand in almost any naval combat. This invention was greek fire. It was invented by a certain Callinicus, an architect and chemist from the city of Heliopolis which was back then located in the Eastern Roman province of Syria. When the Arabs overran the region in the 630s, Callinicus fled to Constantinople and brought the the invetion with him to the Capital of the Roman Empire, and shared the knowledge. Thus, a superior technological advantage was given to the Romans, who now had a secret flammable compound, which was used with devices similar to flamethrowers mounted on ships. Its exact recipe was guarded with utmost care and is unknown even today, although it is thought to have been some mixture of resin, asphalt, sulfur, naphtha, fine quicklime, and calcium phosphide. It was extremely flammable and burned even under water, and thus with this superior military technology, the Eastern Romans were able to time and time again repel the naval forces of the islamic Caliphate, and other attackers, allowing the Roman Empire to survive far longer than it would have otherwise.