2 years ago

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Psychiatric Services Branch, Department of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
I. Introduction .
II. Biochemistry of Adrenochrome
III. Action of Adrenochrome on Cells
IV. Effect of Adrenochrome on Fish
V. Effect of Adrenochrome on Spiders
VI. Effect of Adrenochrome on Pigeons
VII. Effect of Adrenochrome on Mammals
A. Mice .
B. Rats .
C. Rabbits
D. Cats .
E. Dogs .
F. Monkeys
VIII. Effect of Adrenochrome on Electrograms
IX. Effect of Adrenochrome and Adrenolutin on Humans
A. Adrenolutin Double Blind Experiments
B. Prolonged Reactions to Adrenochrome and Adrenolutin
C. Effect of Adrenochrome on Humans as Reported by other Laboratories
D. Adrenochrome Given Sublingually
E. Potentiation of the Action of Adrenochrome
F. Discussion
X. Mode of Action of Adrenochrome
XI. Conclusions
References

DISCUSSION
The basic issue is whether or not adrenochrome and compounds
which can be derived from it in vivo, perhaps adrenolutin and 5,6-
dihydroxy-N-methylindole, are active hallucinogens in man. The
evidence that these compounds exist in the body is growing more
substantial. The fact that these compounds are active in producing
changes in animals can no longer be denied, and indeed it was concluded
by Kety ( 1959) that there was no doubt it did produce
changes in animals. Adrenochrome will therefore be most interesting
to physiologists who are following the properties of metabolic
products of epinephrine.
The fact that adrenochrome and adrenolutin have produced
changes in the perception, thinking, and feeling of humans makes
them very interesting for psychiatrists and physiological psychologists.
Although Smythies ( 1960) denies that adrenochrome is active
in humans, the literature reviewed in this paper, as well as the
detailed outline of new data from our research, makes clear that it
is no longer sufficient merely to state that adrenochrome is not
active.

Adrenochrome and adrenolutin are chemically very reactive substances
and react with an amazing variety of constituents of the
body. They could therefore somehow interfere with sensory perception.
However, the evidence gathered in this review suggests clearly
that the brain is the chief target. This evidence is that ( 1) given
into the ventricles of the brain, the compounds are much more
active than when given by vein; ( 2) pretreatment with taraxein,
LSD, and ALD potentiates their action; ( 3) pretreatment with
ceruloplasmin protects the animal against their toxic effect; ( 4)
adrenochrome produces hypothermia in normal and adrenalectomized
rats (Hutcheon et al., 1956) without decreasing the consumption
of oxygen ( Eade, 1954); and ( 5) anxiety increases the susceptibility
of normal human subjects to adrenolutin (Hoffer, 1957 c).
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