Why medicines are so expensive in Pakistan

Why medicines are so expensive in Pakistan, what are the reasons behind it,
Lack of Price Regulation: Pakistan has a fragmented pharmaceutical market with a limited regulatory framework for pricing. This can lead to price variations and potentially higher prices for medicines.

Intellectual Property Rights: The enforcement of intellectual property rights, such as patents, can affect the availability and affordability of medicines. Patented drugs tend to be more expensive because the patent holder has exclusive rights to produce and sell them.

Import Costs: Pakistan imports a significant portion of its pharmaceutical products and raw materials. Exchange rate fluctuations, customs duties, and import taxes can contribute to higher import costs, which are often passed on to consumers.

Inefficient Distribution System: An inefficient distribution system can result in additional costs being added at various points along the supply chain, making medicines more expensive for consumers.

Limited Generic Medicines: The availability and use of generic medicines, which are typically more affordable than brand-name drugs, can vary in Pakistan. Promoting the use of generics can help reduce medication costs.

Quality Control: Ensuring the quality and safety of medicines often requires investments in quality control measures, which can increase production costs.

Research and Development: Pharmaceutical companies invest heavily in research and development to discover and develop new drugs. These costs are often factored into the price of medicines.

Taxes and Regulations: Taxes imposed on pharmaceutical products and regulatory compliance costs can also contribute to higher prices.

Limited Competition: Lack of competition among pharmaceutical companies can result in higher prices, as companies may have less incentive to reduce prices when there are fewer alternatives in the market.

Healthcare Infrastructure: The overall healthcare infrastructure and access to healthcare services can impact the demand for medicines. Limited access to healthcare can result in increased demand for certain medicines, which may affect pricing