What happens to your brain during a migraine

A migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, throbbing headaches typically accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. While the exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, there are several theories about what happens in the brain during a migraine attack. Here's a simplified explanation:

Triggers and Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD): Migraine attacks can be triggered by various factors, including stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, or environmental factors. One leading theory suggests that migraines are associated with a phenomenon called Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD). During CSD, there is a wave of abnormal electrical activity that spreads across the brain's cortex (outer layer). This wave disrupts normal brain function and can trigger various migraine symptoms.

Blood Vessel Changes: Another theory suggests that changes in blood vessels in the brain play a role in migraines. Initially, there may be constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels, followed by dilation (widening). This change in blood vessel size can contribute to the pain and other symptoms of a migraine.

Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. It's believed that an imbalance in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, may contribute to migraines. Low serotonin levels can trigger the release of substances called neuropeptides, which can cause inflammation and pain in the blood vessels and surrounding tissues.

Pain Pathways: Migraine pain is often attributed to the activation of specific pain pathways in the brain. These pathways involve the trigeminal nerve, which is a major cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and head. When activated, the trigeminal nerve can release substances that cause inflammation and pain.

Sensory Sensitivity: Many people with migraines experience sensory sensitivity during an attack. This sensitivity is thought to be related to abnormal processing of sensory information in the brain, resulting in heightened sensitivity to light, sound, and smells.

It's important to note that the exact mechanisms underlying migraines can vary from person to person, and ongoing research is aimed at better understanding the condition. Migraines are a complex neurological disorder with both genetic and environmental factors at play, and treatment often involves managing symptoms and identifying triggers to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. If you suffer from migraines, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan.