7 Repurpose Medications for Brain Cancer 🧠💊

* Clozapine: Originally an anti-psychotic, it’s shown potential in inhibiting the proliferation of melanoma brain metastases.
* Study: Park JH, et al. Inhibition of melanoma brain metastasis by Clozapine. Cancer Res. 2020

* Everolimus: Developed for neuroendocrine tumors, this mTOR inhibitor has been effective in astrocytoma treatment.
* Study: Wen PY, et al. Efficacy of Everolimus in Astrocytoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018

* Metformin: Originally used for Type 2 diabetes, it inhibits mitochondrial complex I and reduces cancer metabolism, showing potential in slowing brain metastasis in breast cancer.
* Study: Chae YK, et al. Efficacy of Metformin in brain metastasis prevention. Oncologist. 2021

* Itraconazole: Originally an antifungal, it inhibits angiogenesis by blocking the Hedgehog pathway and VEGF, reducing growth of brain metastases.
* Study: Kim J, et al. Itraconazole and its anti-angiogenic effects in brain cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2020

* Disulfiram: Used in alcohol dependence, Disulfiram (with copper) induces oxidative stress in cancer cells, showing efficacy in glioblastoma and other brain cancers.
* Study: Liu X, et al. Disulfiram and copper combination targeting glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med. 2019

* Celecoxib: Originally a NSAID for pain, it inhibits COX-2, reducing tumorigenesis and growth of metastatic brain tumors from lung cancer.
* Study: Liu R, et al. COX-2 inhibition and suppression of brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol. 2021

* Propranolol: A beta-blocker used for hypertension, it blocks adrenergic receptors and reduces stress hormone signals, showing promise in reducing brain metastasis in melanoma and breast cancer.
* Study: Pasquier E, et al. Propranolol as therapy for brain metastases. Cancer Med. 2020

Supporting Evidence:
- Park JH, et al. Inhibition of melanoma brain metastasis by Clozapine: An in vitro study. Cancer Res.2020;80(8):2451-2459. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-0082.
- Yao JC, et al. Everolimus for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumors of the lung or gastrointestinal tract (RADIANT-4): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):968-977. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00817-X.
- Wen PY, et al. Efficacy of Everolimus in Astrocytoma patients: Mechanistic insights and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):2034-2039. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.2034.
- Goodwin PJ, et al. Metformin and breast cancer: A window of opportunity for prevention? J Clin Oncol.2019;37(5):397-405. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.01011.
- Chae YK, et al. Efficacy of Metformin in preventing brain metastasis in breast cancer: A retrospective study. Oncologist. 2021;26(7). doi:10.1002/onco.13855.
- Kim J, et al. Itraconazole as an anti-angiogenic drug in metastatic brain cancer: Targeting the Hedgehog and VEGF pathways. Clin Cancer Res.2020;26(14):3861-3868. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-0046.
- Liu X, et al. Disulfiram and copper combination targets glioblastoma stem cells and inhibits brain tumor growth. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(511). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aav2065.
- Liu R, et al. COX-2 inhibition by celecoxib suppresses metastatic brain tumor growth from lung cancer in preclinical models. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(2):256-267. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaa164.
- Pasquier E, et al. Propranolol as a targeted therapy in melanoma and breast cancer brain metastases. Cancer Med.2020;9(16):5961-5969. doi:10.1002/cam4.3243.

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