Ultrasonification

During ultrasonification, water molecules experience rapid oscillatory motion due to the high-frequency sound waves, typically ranging from 20 kHz to several MHz.

The speed of water molecules is directly influenced by the intensity of the ultrasonic waves, creating localized areas of high pressure and low pressure, known as cavitation.

In these cavitation zones, water molecules can reach speeds up to several meters per second as they respond to the alternating compressions and rarefactions.

This intense motion generates microscopic bubbles that collapse violently, producing extreme localized conditions such as high temperatures (up to 5,000 K) and pressures (up to 1,000 atmospheres), driving chemical and physical processes.

This dynamic environment is why ultrasonification is so effective for applications like mixing, cleaning, and accelerating chemical reactions.