The Backbone of Modern Electronics

Integrated circuits (ICs), or computer chips, are tiny assemblies of electronic components, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, fabricated onto a single piece of semiconductor material, typically silicon.

Modern ICs can contain billions of transistors within an area smaller than a square inch, made possible by photolithography techniques and advancements in nanotechnology.

They form the backbone of all electronic devices, enabling complex computations, signal processing, and memory storage.

For example, the 5-nanometer process technology used in current high-performance chips allows for approximately 171 million transistors per square millimeter.

Their design relies on very-large-scale integration (VLSI), making ICs essential for processors, memory modules, and specialized chips like GPUs and AI accelerators.