How a Mutation Made Horses Endurance Champions

Millions of years ago, a genetic mutation weakened a protein called Keap1 in horses, allowing the protective molecule Nrf2 to stay active longer.
The result? More endurance, better stress resistance, and faster recovery – traits that helped horses become elite athletes.

Research by Gianni Castiglione (Vanderbilt University) and Elia Duh (Johns Hopkins University) shows how a rare evolutionary “mistake” created a winning advantage.

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