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Iron Toxicity: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, and Treatment

Iron toxicity, also known as iron poisoning or iron overload, occurs when excess iron accumulates in the body beyond its ability to store and regulate safely. While iron is an essential mineral for oxygen transport, energy production, and immune function, high levels can become toxic and damage vital organs. Iron toxicity may result from acute overdose (such as accidental ingestion of iron supplements) or chronic iron overload conditions like hemochromatosis, frequent blood transfusions, or excessive supplementation.

Common symptoms of iron toxicity include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and fatigue. Severe cases may lead to liver damage, heart complications, diabetes, metabolic disturbances, and in extreme situations, organ failure. Children are particularly at risk of acute iron poisoning from accidental supplement ingestion, making safe storage essential.

Diagnosis often involves blood tests measuring serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and liver function markers. Treatment options depend on severity and may include gastric lavage, chelation therapy with agents like deferoxamine, phlebotomy (in chronic cases), and strict dietary management to reduce iron intake.

Preventing iron toxicity requires careful supplement use, medical monitoring in at-risk individuals, and awareness of genetic conditions that predispose to iron overload. Managing iron levels not only prevents organ damage but also supports long-term metabolic and cardiovascular health.

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