how LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDEs are secreted

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large molecule found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, composed of lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-antigen. It plays a key role in bacterial structure, immune system activation, and inflammation. Often referred to as an endotoxin, LPS can trigger strong immune responses by stimulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways, leading to cytokine release and systemic inflammation. While essential for bacterial survival, lipopolysaccharides are also associated with conditions such as sepsis, metabolic endotoxemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In research and clinical studies, LPS is used to model immune activation and study host-pathogen interactions. Understanding LPS structure, function, and its impact on human health is crucial for developing therapies against bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions.

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