ANTIBODIES & the immune system

Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), antibodies play a vital role in adaptive immunity by binding to specific antigens and marking them for destruction. There are five main classes—IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD—each serving unique immune functions, from providing long-term protection to triggering allergic responses. Antibodies are essential in vaccines, diagnostic testing, autoimmune disease research, and therapeutic treatments such as monoclonal antibodies. Understanding how antibodies work helps improve immunity, prevent infections, and support medical advancements in immunology and biotechnology.

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