FLORENCE NIGHTINGALR

Sepertinya ada sedikit kesalahan ketik*Florence Nightingale* (1820–1910), “The Lady with the Lamp”
*Florence Nightingale – Biography

*Early Life*
Florence Nightingale was born on *12 May 1820* in *Florence, Italy*, to a wealthy British family vacationing there. Her parents, *William Nightingale* and *Frances “Fanny” Smith*, were from prominent land‑owning families in *Derbyshire, England*. She was named after her birthplace, a nod to her parents’ travels. Growing up in *Lea Hurst* (Derbyshire) and later *Embley Park* (Hampshire), Florence received an excellent education—classical literature, philosophy, mathematics, and several languages—unusual for women of her era.

*Calling to Nursing*
From a young age, Nightingale felt a *spiritual calling* to serve humanity. In 1837, at age 17, she recorded in her diary a divine message: “God spoke to me and called me to His service.” At the time, nursing was considered a lowly, unskilled occupation, but after overcoming family resistance (her parents wanted her to marry and lead a conventional upper‑class life), she pursued training. In 1850‑51 she spent three months at the *Institute of Deaconesses* in *Kaiserswerth, Germany*, learning basic nursing care. She later worked briefly at a *London hospital for governesses*.

*Crimean War (1853‑1856)*
In October 1854, after Britain entered the *Crimean War*, news of horrific conditions for wounded soldiers reached London. The *Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert*, who knew Nightingale, appointed her to lead a contingent of *38 nurses* to the *Selimiye Barracks Hospital in Scutari (Üsküdar), Turkey*. Arriving in November, she found appalling sanitation, overcrowding, lack of supplies, and a *mortality rate of 42 %*. Nightingale instituted *hand‑washing, clean dressings, ventilation, proper diet, and efficient record‑keeping*. Within six months, the death rate fell to *2 %*. Her nightly rounds with a lamp earned her the nickname *“The Lady with the Lamp”* (poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1857).

*Statistical Pioneer*
Nightingale was a *passionate statistician*. She used *polar area diagrams (Coxcomb charts)* to illustrate preventable deaths from disease versus battle injuries, convincing officials that *sanitation reform saved lives*. Her work influenced the establishment of the *Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1857)* and later the *British Army Medical School*.

*Founding Modern Nursing*
After the war, Nightingale returned to England as a hero. She used a *£45,000 public subscription* to found the *Nightingale Training School for Nurses* at *St Thomas’ Hospital, London (1860)*. Her *Notes on Nursing (1859)* became a foundational textbook, emphasizing *environment, hygiene, observation, and compassion*. Her model spread worldwide, shaping professional nursing education.

*Reformer & Writer*
Nightingale also worked on *public health*, *hospital design*, *workhouse reform*, and *Indian sanitation*. She advised the *U.S. Sanitary Commission* during the American Civil War and corresponded with *Queen Victoria*. Though largely bed‑ridden after 1857 due to chronic illness (likely *brucellosis* or a post‑war stress syndrome), she continued writing, publishing *“Notes on Hospitals” (1859)* and many pamphlets on health policy.

*Later Life*
Florence never married, dedicating her life to service. In 1907 she became the first woman to receive the *Order of Merit*. She died peacefully on *13 August 1910* at *10 South Street, London*, aged 90. Buried in *St Margaret’s Church, East Wellow*, her legacy endures in *International Nurses Day (12 May, her birthday)* and countless institutions bearing her name.

*Legacy*
- *Pioneer of epidemiology & statistics*.
- *Founder of modern,