Microbial Gold Mining: Bacteria That Extract Precious Metals

Biomining, or bioleaching, represents a revolutionary approach to mineral extraction that employs specialized microorganisms, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, to extract metals from low-grade ores. These remarkable bacteria thrive in highly acidic environments (pH 1-2) and at high temperatures, effectively "breathing" metals rather than oxygen through complex enzymatic reactions. While biomining has been used since the 1950s, recent advancements have expanded its applications, particularly in gold recovery. The Altyntau Kokshetau gold mine in Kazakhstan demonstrates the commercial viability of this approach, processing thousands of tons of ore daily with reduced cyanide usage and the ability to extract gold from previously uneconomic concentrations profitably. Beyond terrestrial applications, space agencies are investigating biomining for off-world resource extraction. Despite challenges like slower processing times, this technology represents a potential paradigm shift in mining economics by making previously abandoned sites viable and transforming billions of tons of waste rock into usable ore.

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