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【110】抗原検査とPCR検査 - 大橋眞
現在問題となっている感染症において、PCR検査がおこなわれています。この検査体制を充実させるという名目で、抗原検査を導入する動きがあります。抗原検査は簡易キットが開発されており、一般の開業医が短時間で検査をすることが可能です。また抗原検査は、PCR検査のように熟練した技術を必要としません。そのために、全国のレベルで同じ基準での検査が可能になります。
PCR検査に用いるプライマーの設計により、類似した遺伝子を高感度で検出します。そのために、病原体ウイルスでなくても、検出してしまう危険性があります。現在PCR検査陽性者の多くは、無症状感染者と言われる人たちで、ウイルス数も極めて少ないようです。このようなウイルス数の少ない人は、抗原検査では陽性にはなりません。そのために、抗原検査は、PCR検査より症状との関係がある人を拾いやすくなることが期待できます。抗原検査において、症状との関係についてはまだ不明な点がありますが、症状が出た人に対する検査としては、PCRよりも偽陽性を減らすという意味があり、有意義かもしれません。抗原検査が普及することにより、PCR検査が減れば、クラスターの件数も減るのではないでしょうか。そもそも無症状者に対する検査体制の充実という話は、抗原検査では成立しないと考えられます。陽性率が低いために、検査の意味がないと感じる人が多くなるためです。PCR検査に意味がないといっても、その趣旨を理解しない人も多いために、PCR検査の代わりに抗原検査を行って次第に陽性者を減らしていくというのが、次善の策かもしれません。
PCR tests are being performed on the infectious diseases that are currently in question. There is a movement to introduce antigen testing under the pretext of enhancing this testing system. A simple kit has been developed for the antigen test, which can be tested by a general practitioner in a short time. Antigen testing does not require the skill of PCR testing. Therefore, it is possible to inspect with the same standards at the national level.
By designing the primers used for PCR tests, similar genes can be detected with high sensitivity. Therefore, there is a risk of detecting it even if it is not a pathogen virus. Currently, most people who are positive for the PCR test are said to be asymptomatic, and the number of viruses seems to be extremely low. People with such low numbers of viruses do not test positive for antigens. Therefore, antigen testing can be expected to make it easier to pick up people who are associated with symptoms than PCR testing. There are still unclear points about the relationship with symptoms in the antigen test, but it may be meaningful as a test for people who have symptoms because it means reducing false positives compared to PCR. With the spread of antigen testing, if PCR testing is reduced, the number of clusters may be reduced. In the first place, it is thought that the talk of enhancing the testing system for asymptomatic persons cannot be established by antigen testing. This is because many people find the test meaningless because of the low positive rate. Even if the PCR test is meaningless, many people do not understand the purpose, so it may be the next best option to perform an antigen test instead of the PCR test and gradually reduce the number of positive people. Hmm.
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